Unit 6 Anatomy

Front 1

Functions of the Kidneys

Back 1

production of urine, helps maintain homeostasis, fluid balance regulation, acid-base balance regulation, blood filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Front 2

Combining form for kidney

Back 2

nephro and reno

Front 3

Homeostasis

Back 3

state of equilibrium

Front 4

Diuresis

Back 4

If the body has excess water and needs to get rid of it, more urine is formed

Front 5

Oliguria

Back 5

If the body needs to conserve water, less urine will be produced and the animal will pass little urine

Front 6

Anuria

Back 6

No urine at all

Front 7

Location of the kidneys

Back 7

retroperitoneal to the abdominal cavity

Front 8

Kidneys most common shape

Back 8

bean-shaped

Front 9

Shape of kidney in horse

Back 9

Heart shaped

Front 10

Shape of kidney in bull

Back 10

Lobated

Front 11

Hilus

Back 11

indented area on the medial side of the kidney where blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave the kidney

Front 12

Renal Pelvis

Back 12

funnel-shaped area inside the hilus lined with transitional epithelium that is a urine collection chamber that forms the beginning of the ureter

Front 13

Renal Cortex

Back 13

outer portion of the kidney; reddish-brown with a rough granular appearance

Front 14

Renal Medulla

Back 14

inner portion around the renal pelvis; smooth appearance with a dark purple outer area that sends rays up into the cortex

Front 15

Renal Capsule

Back 15

tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue; provides some protection from trauma and damage

Front 16

Renal Sinus

Back 16

a cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves and fat

Front 17

Nephritis

Back 17

inflammation of the kidneys

Front 18

Nephrectomy

Back 18

the surgical removal of a kidney

Front 19

Nephrotomy

Back 19

surgical incision into the kidney

Front 20

Pyelonephritis

Back 20

bacterial infection of the kidneys

Front 21

Renal Biopsy

Back 21

the removal of a small piece of kidney tissue for examination

Front 22

Urinary Calculi

Back 22

a stone in the urinary tract (kidney stones)

Front 23

Cystitis

Back 23

inflammation of the bladder

Front 24

Cystocentesis

Back 24

surgical puncture of the bladder

Front 25

Cystotomy

Back 25

surgical incision into the urinary bladder

Front 26

Renal Arteries

Back 26

Supplies blood to the kidneys

Front 27

Renal Veins

Back 27

carries blood away from the kidneys

Front 28

Glomuerulus

Back 28

tuft of glomerular capillaries

Front 29

Renal Corpuscle

Back 29

located in the cortex of the kidney

Front 30

Bowman's capsule

Back 30

double-walled capsule that surrounds the glomerulus; collects fluid by glomerulus and sends it to renal tubules

Front 31

Afferent Arteriole

Back 31

Carries blood toward the glomerulus

Front 32

Efferent Arteriole

Back 32

Carries blood away and back to vana cava

Front 33

Glomerula Filtrate

Back 33

fluid that is filtered out of blood

Front 34

Collecting Ducts

Back 34

distal convoluted tubes from all nephrons in the kidney empty into a series of tubules called these that carry tubular filtrate through the medulla and eventually empty into the renal pelvis that will become the ureter

Front 35

Peritubular Capillaries

Back 35

termination of efferent; exchange of nutrients; medullary plexus surrounds parietal tubules

Front 36

Ureters

Back 36

Tube that exits the kidney at the hilus and connects to the urinary bladder near the neck of the bladder at its caudal end

Front 37

Function of the ureters

Back 37

continuously move urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Front 38

Urinary Bladder

Back 38

stores urine as it is produced and releases it periodically from the body

Front 39

Function of the urinary bladder

Back 39

collect, store, and release urine

Front 40

Micturition

Back 40

expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder into the urethra for elimination from the body

Front 41

What three steps are involved in micturition?

Back 41

urine accumulation, muscle contraction, and sphincter muscle control

Front 42

Urine Accumulation

Back 42

Urine constantly accumulates urine until the pressure of the filling bladder reaches a certain trigger point that activates stretch receptors in the bladder wall

Front 43

Muscle Contraction

Back 43

When trigger point is reached, spinal reflex is activated that returns a motor impulse to the bladder muscles; Muscles contract and contractions create sensation of having to urinate; Animals not house broken will urinate at this point

Front 44

Sphincter Muscle Control

Back 44

trained animals can control the reflex release of urine through voluntary control of the muscular sphincter around the neck of the bladder

Front 45

Tubular Reasorption

Back 45

process by which some constituents of plasma that were filtered out of the plasma by the glomerulus are returned to the bloodstream

Front 46

Tubular Secretion

Back 46

process by which a cell or gland produces and expels some useful product

Front 47

Urethra

Back 47

continuation of the neck of the urinary bladder that runs through the pelvic canal

Front 48

Function of urethra

Back 48

carries urine from urinary bladder to external environment

Front 49

Function of male reproductive system

Back 49

works to ensure survival of the species of the animal; produce a brand new animal; produce male sex hormones; deliver spermatozoa to the female system at the appropriate time

Front 50

Basic reproduction center starts with what?

Back 50

fertilization

Front 51

spermatozoon

Back 51

male reproductive cell

Front 52

Spermatogenesis

Back 52

Production of spermatozoa in the testes

Front 53

Seminiferous tubule

Back 53

site where spermatogenesis takes place in the testis; each shaped like a long, convoluted U

Front 54

Ova

Back 54

female sex cells

Front 55

Oogenesis

Back 55

production of female reproductive cells in ovarian follicles

Front 56

Testes

Back 56

male gonads located outside the abdomen in the inguinal region housed in a sac of skin called the scrotum

Front 57

Gonads

Back 57

organs where the male reproductive cells are formed

Front 58

Functions of the testes

Back 58

spermatogenesis and hormone production

Front 59

What hormone is produced in the seminiferous tubules?

Back 59

androgens

Front 60

Principal androgen produced

Back 60

testosterone

Front 61

What is testosterone responsible for?

Back 61

development of male secondary sex characteristics and the male libido

Front 62

Inguinal Rings

Back 62

two slit-like openings in the abdominal muscles where the testes are pulled down through after birth

Front 63

Scrotum

Back 63

sac of skin that houses the testes

Front 64

Cremaster Muscle

Back 64

bandlike muscle that passes through the inguinal ring and attaches to the scrotum; adjusts position of testes; when relaxed, testes hang down away from the warm body

Front 65

Spermatic Cords

Back 65

these link the testes with the rest of the body; tubelike, connective tissue structures that contain blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the vas deferens

Front 66

Vaginal Tunics

Back 66

two layers of connective tissue that surround the testes in the scrotum and the spermaatic cord

Front 67

Visceral Vaginal Tunic

Back 67

also known as proper vaginal tunic; derived from the visceral layer of peritoneum that coated the testes as they developed in the abdomen

Front 68

Parietal Vaginal Tunic

Back 68

also known as common vaginal tunic; thick, outer layer derived from the parietal layer of peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity; forms fibrous sac around each testis and spermatic cord

Front 69

Orchiectomy

Back 69

surgical removal of testicles; castration

Front 70

Epididymis

Back 70

flat, ribbonlike structure that lies along the surface of the testis; connects efferent ducts of testis with the vas deferens

Front 71

Function of epididymis

Back 71

collect and store sperm until it reaches maturity collection

Front 72

Vas Deferens

Back 72

muscular tube that connects the tail of the epididymis with the pelvic portion of the urethra

Front 73

function of the vas deferens

Back 73

move the spermatozoa from the epididymis up to the urethra when ejaculation occurs

Front 74

Functions of urethra in male

Back 74

ejaculation and carries urine away from the urinary bladder outside the body

Front 75

Accessory reproductive glands

Back 75

produce alkaline fluid containing things like electrolytes, fructose, and prostaglandins

Front 76

Which species only has a prostate gland?

Back 76

Dog

Front 77

Seminal Vesicles

Back 77

vesicular glands; enter the pelvic urethra in the same area as the vas deferens; common in all domestic animals except dogs and cats

Front 78

Prostate Gland

Back 78

single structure that more or less completely surrounds the urethra; present in all common domestic animals but larger in dogs due to it being the only accessory reproductive gland they have

Front 79

Bulbourethral Glands

Back 79

also known as Cowper's glands; located further caudally than other accessory reproductive glands; secrete a mucinous fluid just before ejaculation that clears and lubricates the urethra for the passage of semen; all common domestic animals have these except the dog

Front 80

Penis

Back 80

male breeding organ made up mainly of muscle, erectile tissue, and connective tissue with the urethra running down its center

Front 81

Glans of the penis

Back 81

tip or distal free end of the penis

Front 82

Which animal has spikes on the glans penis?

Back 82

Cats

Front 83

Prepuce

Back 83

sheath of skin that encloses the penis when it is not erect

Front 84

Os Penis

Back 84

bone and erectile structure that causes the male and female to remain stuck together after breeding is completed; bone in penis of dog

Front 85

Sigmoid Flexure

Back 85

nonerect penis of the bull, ram, and boar is normally bent into this

Front 86

Erection

Back 86

enlargement and stiffening of the penis that prepares it for breeding; occurs when blood enters the penis via the arteries than leaves it via the veins

Front 87

Ejaculation

Back 87

reflex expulsion of semen from the penis; produced by a continuation of the stimuli that produced erection plus the physical actions and sensations of breeding

Front 88

Functions of female reproductive system

Back 88

produce sex hormones and develop reproductive cells; receives male reproductive cells; provides a hospitable environment for the embryo to grow and develop; period of pregnancy; pushes offspring out into the world when fully developed

Front 89

Broad Ligaments

Back 89

left and right sheets of peritoneum

Front 90

Suspensory ligament

Back 90

ovarian end of the broad ligament extends cranially and attaches to the body wall in the area of the last rib

Front 91

Round Ligament

Back 91

Cord of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle contained in the free edge of a lateral fold of the broad ligament on each side; extends from tip of uterine horn caudally to the inguinal ring area ventrally

Front 92

Ovaries

Back 92

female gonads equivalent to the male testes

Front 93

Function of the ovaries

Back 93

producing reproductive cells and hormones

Front 94

Estrogens

Back 94

produced by the cells of the developing ovarian follicles and are responsible for the physical and behavioral changes that prepare the animal for breeding and pregnancy

Front 95

Progestins

Back 95

progesterone produced y the corpus luteum that develops from the empty follicle after ovulation

Front 96

Function of progestins

Back 96

prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum; necessary for pregnancy to be maintained once implantation occurs

Front 97

Oviducts

Back 97

small, convoluted tubes that extend from the tips of the uterine horns

Front 98

Function of oviducts

Back 98

guide ova from the ovary to the uterus and serve as the usual site for fertilization of ova by spermatozoa

Front 99

infundibulum

Back 99

enlarged opening at the ovarian end of each oviduct

Front 100

Uterus

Back 100

womb where the fertilized ovum implants and lives while it grows and develops into a new animal

Front 101

Function of uterus

Back 101

helps push fetus out through the birth canal into the outside world once the fetus has fully developed

Front 102

Placenta

Back 102

life-support system that keeps the fetus alive while it develops during pregnancy

Front 103

3 layers of the placenta

Back 103

myometrium, endometrium, and perimetrium

Front 104

Cervix

Back 104

muscular "valve" that seals off the uterus from the outside most of the time; powerful, smooth muscle sphincter located between the body of the uterus and the vagina

Front 105

Vagina

Back 105

tube that receives the penis at breeding time and acts as the birth canal at birthing time; muscular tube that extends caudally from the cervix and connects it with the vulva

Front 106

Vulva

Back 106

only portion of the female reproductive system that is visible from the outside

Front 107

Vestibule of the vulva

Back 107

entrance into the vagina from the outside world

Front 108

Labia

Back 108

External boundary of the vulva of the female; lips

Front 109

Clitoris

Back 109

located on the floor of the vestibule a little farther to the exterior than the urethral opening; female equivalent of the penis in males

Front 110

Homologous

Back 110

equivalent in embryological origin

Front 111

Estrus

Back 111

period when female is receptive to the advances of the male; also called heat period; second stage of estrous cycle

Front 112

Estrous Cycle

Back 112

the time from the beginning of one heat period to the beginning of the next; controlled by the anterior pituitary hormones, FSH and LH

Front 113

Polyestrous

Back 113

animals such as cattle and swine; cycles continue throughout the year if they are not pregnant; as soon as cycle ends, another begins

Front 114

Seasonally polyestrous

Back 114

animals such as horses, sheep, and cats; cycle continuously at certain times of the year; usually spring and fall

Front 115

Monoestrous

Back 115

Animals such as foxes and minks; have only one cycle each year

Front 116

Proestrus

Back 116

First period of the estrous cycle; period of follicular development in the ovary

Front 117

Metestrus

Back 117

period after ovulation, when the corpus luteum develops; 3rd stage in estrous cycle

Front 118

Diestrus

Back 118

active, luteal stage, when the corpus luteum has reached maximum size and exerts its max effect; 4th stage in estrous cycle

Front 119

Pseudocyesis

Back 119

also called pseudopregnancy; false pregnancy

Front 120

Anestrus

Back 120

period of temporary ovarian inactivity seen in seasonally polyestrous, diestrous, and monoestrous animals; period between breeding cycles when the ovary essentially shuts down temporarily