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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Photosynthesis
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the complete series of chemical reactions occurring in the chloroplasts of some cells that uses the energy of light to synthesize high energy organic molecules (glucose) from low-energy inorganic molecules (carbon dioxide and water), an endergonic process
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Cellular Respiration
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the oxygen-requiring reactions occurring in the mitochondria of cells that break down the products of Glycolysis (a process that converts glucose into pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm) into carbon dioxide and water while capturing large amounts of energy as ATP, and exergonic process
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Autotroph
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“self-feeder”, an organism that produces energy in the form of food from inorganic substances, usually photosynthetic organisms, that form the base of earth’s food chains
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Heterotroph
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“other-feeder”, an organism that must consume other organisms to obtain the food energy needed to make cellular energy
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Endergonic
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a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy, an “uphill” reaction
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Exergonic
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a chemical reaction that releases energy, a “downhill” reaction
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ATP
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adenosine triphosphate, the major energy carrier in cells, a nucleic acid molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the nitrogen base adenine, and three phosphate groups, where the last two phosphate groups are attached by high-energy bonds that must be broken to release energy
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ADP
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adenosine diphosphate, a nucleic acid molecule that remains after energy has been released from ATP that is made of the sugar ribose, the nitrogen base adenine, and two phosphate groups
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ATPase
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a class of enzymes that catalyze the dephosphorylation reaction that breaks down ATP into ADP and releases energy
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ATPsynthase
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an important enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation reaction that generates ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP and storing energy in this bond
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Phosphorylation
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a reaction that introduces a phosphate group into a molecule or compound
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Chloroplast
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the organelle in plants and plant-like protists that is the site of photosynthesis and that contains an inner and outer membrane and a thylakoid internal membrane system that contains chlorophyll
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Chlorophyll
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a pigment found in chloroplasts that captures light energy during photosynthesis and that absorbs violet, blue, and red light, but reflects green light
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Accessory pigments
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a colored molecule other than chlorophyll a that absorbs light energy and passes it to chlorophyll a which is found in the reaction centers of photosynthesis
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Carotene
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an orange-yellow to red pigment that serves as an accessory pigment that gathers light waves not captured by chlorophyll to increase the overall light absorption for photosynthesis
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Xanthophyll
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a yellow accessory pigment that is often masked by chlorophyll in green leaves, but which helps to capture waves of light missed by chlorophyll to increase the overall light absorption for photosynthesis
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Electromagnetic spectrum
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the range of all possible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from wavelengths longer than radio waves, to microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays
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Stroma
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the semi-fluid material inside chloroplasts in which the thylakoids are located; the site of the reactions of the Calvin cycle
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Grana
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stacks of thylakoid membrane sacs within the chloroplasts
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Thylakoid
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a disk-shaped, membranous sac found in chloroplasts, the membranes of which contain the photosystems, electron transport chains, and ATP-synthesizing enzymes used in the light reactions of photosynthesis
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Lumen
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the cavity within they thylakoid membranes
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Light Reactions
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the first stage of photosynthesis, in which the energy of light is captured as ATP and NADPH; occurs in thylakoids of chloroplasts
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Chemiosmosis
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a process of ATP generation in chloroplasts and mitochondria, where the movement of electrons down an electron transport system is used to pump hydrogen ions across a membrane, thereby building up a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions; the hydrogen ions diffuse back across the membrane through the pores of ATP-synthesizing enzymes; the energy of their movement down their concentration gradient drives ATP synthesis
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Calvin Cycle
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the cyclic series of reactions whereby carbon dioxide is fixed into carbohydrates during photosynthesis
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Glucose
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a monosaccharide or simple sugar that is the basic subunit of starch, cellulose and glycogen and is produced by photosynthesis in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is broken down by cellular respiration in the mitochondria for energy
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RuBP
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a 5-carbon molecule that is recycled in the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis and is bound to carbon dioxide in the process of carbon fixation and that is regenerated from G3P using ATP
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PGA
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a 3-carbon molecule that is the first stable product of the Cavin Cycle after carbon dioxide is bound to RuBP
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NADPH
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a high-energy electron carrier
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Photorespiration
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the process where rubisco, an unselective enzyme, binds to oxygen preventing the fixation of carbon in the Calvin Cycle, and therefore preventing the production of glucose, at times when the concentration of oxygen is higher in a leaf cell than carbon dioxide; often a result of the stomata in the leaf closing un hot, dry conditions to prevent water loss
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C3 pathway
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the reactions of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide or oxygen is bound to RuBP in most plants
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C4 pathway
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the adaptation of some plants that live in dry conditions to minimize the negative effects of photorespiration by having carbon dioxide fixed in the mesophyll cells into an organic compound using the enzyme PEP carboxylase that is later released as carbon dioxide again to be taken up by rubisco for the Calvin Cycle in the bundle sheathe cells; this occurs at an energy cost to regenerate PEP
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CAM pathway
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an adaptation of some plants that live in hot, dry environments during the day and cool conditions at night to minimize the negative effects of photosynthesis by fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it in an organic compound using the enzyme PEP carboxylase that is later released as carbon dioxide again to be taken up by rubisco for the Calvin Cycle during the day, when the light reactions are able to provide ATP and NADPH to power the Calvin Cycle reactions
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