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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Respiratory System |
body system bringing oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood to the cells |
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Respiration |
exchange of gases (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide) between the atmosphere and the cells of the body |
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Ventilation |
term used to describe the bringing in of fresh air |
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What makes up the upper respiratory tract? |
Nostrils, Nose, Nasal Cavities, Pharynx, and Larynx |
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What makes up the lower respiratory tract? |
Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoli |
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What do Expectorants do? |
increase the flow of respiratory secretions to allow material to be coughed up from the lungs by increasing the fluidity of mucus, which is more effectively coughed up than thicker mucus or by reducing the stickiness of the mucus; also helps keep dry, irritated tissue moist
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What is an example of an Expectorant? |
Guaifenesin |
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Describe Guaifensin |
*Glyceryl guaiacolate *dual-purpose *rapid onset of action *used orally as an expectorant *given IV as a muscle relaxer in hourses as part of general anesthesia protocol *minimal effect on sedation |
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What are side effects of Guaifensin? |
hypotension, tachycardia, thrombophlebitis |
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What do mucolytic drugs do? |
Decrease viscosity or thickness of respiratory secretions
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What is an example of mucolytic drugs? |
Acetylcysteine (Mucosol, Mucomyst, Mucinex)
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What is Acetylcysteine used for? |
break up thick mucoid secretions in the airway to promote better respiration and acetaminophen toxicity in cats |
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Describe Acetylcysteine |
*administered orally, IV, or as an aerosol through nebulization *mucolytic expectorant *also used as an antidote |
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What are side effects of Acetylcysteine? |
vomiting, hypersensitivity, bronchiole constriction |
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What are antitussives used for? |
suppress coughing
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How do antitussives work? |
Centrally acting or locally acting |
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What do centrally acting antitussives work on? |
working on the cough centers of the brain stem |
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What do locally acting antitussives work on? |
soothing irritation to the mucosal lining of the respiratory tract that initiates coughing |
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What are examples of antitussives? |
*Butorphanol (Torbugesic, Torbutrol) *Hydrocodone (Hycodan, Tussigon) *Codeine *Dextromethorphan *Trimeprazine |
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Describe Butorphanol |
*centrally acting antitussive *used as preanesthetic and analgesic *C-IV controlled substance *injectable and oral tablet |
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What are side effects of Butorphanol? |
sedation, ataxia, respiratory depression, and bradycardia |
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Describe Hydrocodone |
*C-III controlled substance *centrally acting narcotic *tablet and syrup forms *used primarily for harsh, nonproductive coughs such as kennel cough |
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What are side effects of Hydrocodone? |
sedation and slowing of gastrointestinal motility |
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Describe Codeine |
*C-II controlled substance *centrally acting *injectable, syrup, and tablet forms |
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What are side effects of Codeine?
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sedation and decreased gastrointestinal motility |
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What two drugs form the LorTab and what scheduled class is it? |
Hydrocodone and acetaminophen; C-II |
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Describe Dextromethorphan |
*nonnarcotic *centrally acting *OTC available *Rare in Vet medicine; may be harmful to animals |
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Describe Trimeprazine |
*centrally acting antitussive *found in combination with Prednisolone (a glucocorticoid) to form Temaril-P *antipruritic effects *tablets |
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What are side effects of Trimeprazine?
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sedation, depression, and hypotension |
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Describe Temaril-P |
*nonnarcotic *centrally acting |
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What do decongestants do? |
Decrease congestion of nasal passages by reducing swelling |
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Describe decongestants |
*spray or orally as liquid or tablet *limited use in vet practice *used to help treat feline upper respiratory tract disease |
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What are examples of decongestants? |
*Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) *Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) |
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Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) |
*nasal spray *SE: cardio stimulatory properties *should not be used in animals with hypertension or tachycardia |
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Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) |
*tablet *pharmacy permission required *system |
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Describe Bronchodilators |
*widen the lumen of the bronchioles and counteract bronchoconstriction *cause increased respiratory secretions |
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What are the 4 types of Bronchodilators? |
*Cholinergic Blocking Agents *Beta-2-adrenergic agonists *Methylxanthines *Antihistamines |
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Describe Cholinergic Blocking Agents and list their side effects |
*commonly known as anticholinergics *dry mouth, dry eyes, tachycardia |
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What are examples of cholinergic agents? |
Atropine and Glycopyrrolate |
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What are extra side effects caused by Atropine?
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vomiting, constipation, and urinary retention |
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What is atropine common for? |
pre-anesthetic |
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What are examples of beta-2-adrenergic agonists? |
*Epinephrine *Albuterol |
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Describe Epinephrine |
*usually reserved for life-threatening situations and has beta-1 and alpha-1 activity *stimulation for contraction of heart & supports circulatory system after cardiac arrest *human medication |
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Describe Albuterol |
*common in equine for COPD *used also for feline asthma *nebulized form |
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What are side effects of beta-2-adrenergic agonists? |
tachycardia and CNS excitement and weakness |
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Describe Methylxanthines and its side effects |
*limited use because of narrow therapeutic index *SE: CNS stimulation and GI irritation |
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What do antihistamines do? |
Block the effects of histamine |
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What are antihistamines used for? |
*prevention of respiratory problems such as heaves in horses (but is very expensive) and feline asthma *allergic reactions and daily allergies in small animals |
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What are side effects of antihistamines? |
CNS depression and anticholinergic effects (dry mouth and urinary retention) |
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what are Respiratory Stimulants?
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drugs that stimulate the animal to increase its respirations |
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What is an example of a respiratory stimulant?
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Doxapram, Naloxone, Yohimbine
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Describe Doxapram |
*central nervous stimulant *usually used in neonates to stimulate respiration after a C-section or dystocia *also used to restore reflexes, speed awakenings, & restoration after anesthesia *injectable as Dopram-V |
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What are side effects of Doxapram? |
hypertension, arrhythmias, and seizures |
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Naloxone
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increases respiration in narcotic overdose |
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Yohimbine |
stimulates respiration in Xylazine overdose |
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What are 4 terms used to describe a long, muscular tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus? |
Gastrointestinal tract, alimentary system, GI tract, Digestive Tract |
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What are the anatomic structures of the GI tract? |
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine |
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What is one control mechanism of the GI tract? |
autonomic nervous system |
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What are the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system? |
parasympathetic and sympathetic |
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Describe the parasympathetic branch |
*homeostatic response *increases intestinal motility and GI secretions and relaxes sphincters |
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Describe Sympathetic Branch |
*decreases intestinal motility, decreases intestinal secretions, and inhibits the action of sphincters |
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What drugs stimulate parasympathetic actions? |
Cholinergic drugs |
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What drugs inhibit parasympathetic actions? |
Anticholinergic drugs |
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What drugs stimulate sympathetic actions? |
sympathetic drugs |
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Describe Antisialogues |
*drugs used to decrease salivary flow *given IV, IM, or SQ to limit excess saliva productions |
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What are 2 examples of Antisialogues? |
Atropine and Glycopyrrolate |
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How are Atropine and Glycopyrrolate Antisialogues? |
Via their anticholinergic mechanism of action |
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What are the side effects of antisialogues?
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dry mouth, constipation, CNS stimulation, tachycardia, pupillary dilation, can effect peristalsis and secretions for proper GI functions |
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What are Antidiarrheals? |
drugs that decrease peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby allowing fluid absorption from the intestinal contents |
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What are the 5 categories of Antidiarrheals? |
*Anticholinergics *Protectants/Adsorbents *Opiate-related agents *Probiotics *Metronidazole |
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What are Anticholinergics? |
used to treat tenesmus (straining to defecate) associated with colitis and vomiting related to colonic irritation |
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What are side effects of Anticholinergic drugs? |
dry mucous membranes, urine retention, tachycardia, and constipation |
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What are examples of Anticholinergics? |
*Atropine (generic, Atropine Injectable-SA, Atropine Injectable-LA) *Aminopentamide (Centrine) *Propantheline (Pro-Banthine) *Methscopolamine (Biosol-M) *N-butylscopolammonium Bromide (Buscopan) |
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Describe Protectants |
*work by binding bacteria and/or digestive enzymes and/or toxins to protect intestinal mucosa from their damaging effects |
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Describe Adsorbents
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*they bind substances |
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What are side effects of protectants/adsorbents? |
*uncommon *can cause black poop |
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What are examples of protectants/adsorbents? |
*bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) *kaolin/pectin (Kao-Forte) *activated charcoal (Liqui-Char, Superchar) |
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Describe the bismuth portion of Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)
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coats the intestinal mucosa and has antiendotoxic and weak antibacterial effects
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Describe the Subsalicylate portion of bismuth subsalicylate |
has anti-inflammatory effects; aspirin-like product; do not give to cats |
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What are side effects of bismuth subsalicylate? |
blacken stool and tongue; binds to bacteria toxins, or digestive enzymes |
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Describe Opiate-related agents |
*these or narcotic analgesics control diarrhea by decreasing both intestinal secretions and the flow of feces, and increasing segmental contractions, thereby resulting in increased intestinal absorption
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What are side effects of Opiate-related agents? |
CNS depression (excitement in horses and cats), ileus, urinary retention, bloat, and constipation with prolonged used |
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What are examples of Opiate-related agents? |
*Diphenoxylate (Lomotil, Lonox) *Loperamide (Imodium) *Paregoric |
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What scheduled class is paregoric? |
C-III controlled substance |
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Describe Loperamide |
*most commonly used *sold OTC *synthetically made *poorly penetrates CNS *acceptable in most species |
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What are Probiotics? |
*drugs that seed the GI tract with beneficial bacterial |
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What are some examples of Probiotics? |
*Plain yogurt *Trade names: Fortiflora, Fastrack gel, Probiocin oral gel for pets, Probiocin oral gel for ruminants |
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What must be done with probiotics and why? |
must be kept refrigerated to maintain the viability of the bacterial culture |
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How is plain yogurt used to help the GI tract? |
those with active cultures are often used to try to repopulate the GI flora with beneficial bacteria |
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Describe Metronidazole |
*antibiotic effective against anaerobic bacteria *synthetically made *drug of choice for k-9 diarrhea *antibiotic, antiprotozoal |
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What is a laxative? |
medicine that loosens the bowel contents and encourages evacuation of stool |
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What are the 4 laxative categories? |
*Osmotic *Stimulant *Bulk-forming *Emollient |
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What are the 2 types of laxatives? |
Carthartics and Purgatives |
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What are Carthartics? |
harsher laxatives that result in a soft to watery stool and abdominal cramping |
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What are purgatives? |
harsh carthartics, causing watery stool and abdominal cramping |
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Describe Osmotic laxatives |
*made of salt or saline products *pull water into the colon and increase water content in the feces *should be limited in animals with heart failure and renal dysfunction *Prolonged use can cause dehydration *Not recommended in cats |
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What are examples of Osmotic laxatives? |
*Sodium Phosphate (Fleet Enema) *Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom salts) *Magnesium Hydroxide (Magnalax) |
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What must be given with laxatives? |
Free choice of water |
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Describe Stimulant laxatives |
*irritant or contact *increase peristalsis by irritating sensory nerve endings in the intestinal mucosa *Rarely used in vet medicine *SE: Severe abdominal cramping |
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What are some examples of stimulant laxatives? |
*Bisacodyl (Dulcolax) *Castor Oil |
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Describe bulk-forming laxatives |
*absorb water into the intestine, increase fecal bulk, and stimulate peristalsis *used in large animal *free choice of water offered *Little to no side effects |
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What is an example of bulk-forming laxatives? |
*bran (such as pumpkin pie filling) |
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Describe Emollients |
*stool softeners *SE: rareW |
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What is an example of Emollients? |
Petroleum products (solid or liquid) |
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Describe petroleum products |
*commonly used as daily preventatives *i.e. CatLax, Laxatone |
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What are antiemetics? |
Drugs that control vomiting |
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How are most antiemetics given and why? |
parentally because the patient may vomit the medication before it can be absorbed through the GI tract |
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How is vomiting initiated? |
centrally by the direct stimulation of the vomiting center in the medulla of the brain stem or indirectly via the CRTZ |
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What is CRTZ? |
chemoreceptor trigger zone
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Where is the CRTZ located? |
outside the blood-brain barrier |
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What does CRTZ respond to? |
stimuli (drugs, toxins, etc.) |
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What stimulates the CRTZ ? |
It results in dopamine release and stimulation of the vomiting center
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What are some examples of Antiemetics? |
*Phenothiazine Derivatives *Antihistamines *Anticholinergics *Procainamide Derivatives *Serotonin Receptor Antagonists (Just be aware of these) *Neurokin (NK1) Receptor Antagonists |
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How do Phenothiazine Derivatives work? |
By inhibiting dopamine in the CRTZ thus decreasing the stimulation to vomit |
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What is very important when using Antiemetics? |
Keeping the animal hydrated |
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Why is hydration important when using Phenothiazine Derivatines? |
because they cause vasodilation and hypotension |
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What are 4 examples of Phenothiazine Derivatives? |
*Acepromazine *Chlorpromazine *Prochlorperzine *Perphenazine |
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Describe Acepromazine |
*most common *sedative, tranquilizer, antiemetic |
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How do antihistamines work as antiemetics? |
*used to control control vomiting in small animals when the vomiting is due to motion sickness, vaccine reactions, or inner ear problems *block input from the vestibular system to the CRTZ |
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What is the antihistamines used as antiemetics? |
*diphenhydramine |
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Describe diphenhydramine |
*Benadryl *Most commonly used *respiratory issues, antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, pain reducer |
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Describe anticholinergics as antiemetics |
they decrease intestinal motility and secretions and decrease gastric emptying which may decrease the tendency to vomit
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Anticholinergics should not be used in what kind of animals? |
animals with glaucoma or polyuric obstruction |
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Some Anticholinergics that help with antiemetic |
Bronchodilators and antidotes for organophosphate toxicity |
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What are examples of antiemetic anticholinergics? |
*Atropine *Aminopentamide *Propantheline |
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How do procainamide derivatives work? |
centrally and peripherally |
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Describe centrally acting procainamide derivatives
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they block the CRTZ (as a dopamine antagonist) |
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Describe peripherally acting procainamide derivatives |
they speed gastric emptying, strengthening the cardiac sphincter tone (decreasing gastroesophageal reflux), and increase the force of gastric contractions |
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Procainamide derivatives are not recommended in animals with what? |
GI obstructions, GI perforation, or hemorrhage |
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What is an example of a procrainamide derivative? |
Metoclopramide (Reglan) |
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Describe Metoclopramide (Reglan) |
*widely used in human medicine to control vomiting associated with cancer *rapid absorption and secretion when given injectably *limited influence on GI secretions *Short half-life *oral or parental *Most effective when given by infusion pump *contraindicated in animals with a gastrointestinal obstruction or seizure disorder |
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What are side effects of Metoclopramide (Regan)? |
CNS disorders and constipation |
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Neurokinin (NK1) Receptor Antagonists example |
Maropitant Citrate (Cerenia)
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Describe Cerenia |
*used to prevent acute vomiting and motion sickness *Oral or SQ *shouldn't give SQ more than 5 days in a row |
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What are side effects of Cerenia? |
pain at injection site |
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What are emetics? |
drugs that induce vomiting |
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When are emetics used? |
in treatment of poisonings and overdoses |
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When should emetics not be used?
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to induce vomiting if caustic substances are ingested such as ammonia, bleach, etc. Instead check with poison control |
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How emetics work? |
Centrally or peripherally |
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Describe centrally acting emetics |
Working on the CRTZ |
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Describe peripherally acting emetics |
working on receptors locally |
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What are examples of central acting emetics? |
Xylaxine and apomorphine |
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Describe Apomorphine |
*Poorly absorbed orally *instead give topically in conjunctival sac *drug of choice for dogs |
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How long does Apomorphine take to work when given parentally? |
within 5-10 minutes |
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How long does Apomorphine take to work when given subconjunctivally (topically)? |
within 10-20minutes |
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What are the side effects of Apomorphine? |
protracted vomiting, CNS depression, and restlessness |
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Describe Xylaxine |
*induces vomiting in cats as a side effect of its use as a sedative *drug of choice for cats *takes 3-5 minutes when given IM in cats |
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What are examples of peripheral acting emetics? |
*ipecac syrup *home remedies |
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Describe Ipecac syrup |
*causes irritation to the gastric mucosa and centrally stimulate the CRTZ *contents of stomach and small intestine are evacuated within 10-30 minutes |
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What are some home remedies used to induce vomiting? |
hydrogen peroxide, salt and water, mustard and water, and salt followed by food |
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What are antiulcer drugs? |
drugs that help prevent the formation of ulcers |
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What are the 5 categories of antiulcers? |
*Antacids *Histamine-2 receptors *Mucosal protective drugs *Prostaglandin Analogs *Proton Pump Inhibitors |
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What are antacids? |
substances that promote ulcer healing by neutralizing HCl and reducing pepsin activity |
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What are the 2 types of antacids? |
systemic and nonsystemic |
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What are systemic antacids? |
Those absorbed into the blood |
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What are nonsystemic antacids? |
Those that remain primarily in the GI tract |
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What are examples of systemic antacids? |
*sodium bicarbonate *calcium carbonate |
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What can sodium bicarbonate cause?
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Sodium excess and water retention therefore it isn't frequently used in veterinary technology |
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What are examples of nonsystemic antacids? |
alkaline salts of aluminum (aluminum hydroxide) and magnesium (magnesium hydroxide) |
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Describe Histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonists |
*prevent acid reflux thus reducing gastric acid secretion |
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How do mucosal protective drugs work? |
They bind to the surface of ulcers |
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What are the side effects of mucosal protective drugs? |
Constipation |
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Describe Prostaglandin Analogs |
suppress gastric secretions and increase mucus production in GI tract *Pregnant women should use caution due to prostaglandin effects |
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Describe Proton Pump Inhibitors |
*drugs that bind irreversibly at secretory surface of partial cell to enzyme |
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What do proton pump inhibitors inhibit? |
hydrogen ion transport into the stomach so the cell cannot secrete HCl |
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When HCl is blocked by proton pump inhibitors, what happens? |
acid production is decreased which allows the stomach and esophagus to heal |
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What is an example of a proton pump inhibitor? |
Omeprazole |
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Describe Omeprazole
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*Prilosec *used primarily in horses and foals more than 4 weeks of age *used in combination with long term inseds like Bute |
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What are antifoaming drugs? |
drugs that reduce or prevent formation of foamW |
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What are 2 examples of antifoaming drugs? |
Poloxalene and Polymerized methyl |
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Describe Poloxalene and Polymerized methyl |
*both common in large animal *usually has "bloat" in Trade names *Trade name examples: Bloat Guard, Bloat-Pac, etc. |
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What structures make up the urinary system? |
paired kidneys, paired ureters, a single urinary bladder, and a single urethra |
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What are the functional units of the kidney? |
Nephrons |
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What do nephrons consist of? |
Loop of Henle, Glomerulus, Bowman's Capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct |
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What are the main responsibilities of the urinary system? |
*remove from the body waste products produced during metabolism *maintain homeostasis |
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What are Diuretics? |
drugs that increase the volume of urine excreted by the kidneys and thus promote the release of water from the tissues |
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What are some drug groups listed as Diuretics? |
*Thiazides *Loop Diuretics *Potassium-Sparing Diuretics *Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors *Osmotic Diuretics |
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Describe Thiazides |
*act on distal convoluted tubules *long-term use causes excessive potassium secretion *longer duration than Loop Diuretics *Given IM, IV, and orally |
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What do Thiazides most commonly treat? |
edema associated with congestive heart failure |
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What are side effects of Thiazides? |
hypokalemia and cardiac dysfunction |
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What are some examples of Thiazides? |
*Hydrochlorothiazide *Chlorothiazide *Hydroflumethiazide *Bendroflumethiazide |
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Describe Loop Diuretics |
*influence sodium-reabsorption in the loop of Henle *inhibit tubular sodium-absorption *potent and effective drugs that block absorption of chloride, potassium, calcium, hydrogen, magnesium, and bicarbonate *potassium supplement recommended |
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What are the main side effects of Loop Diuretics? |
electrolyte imbalances, especially hypokalemia, which can lead to cardiac arrythmia |
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What are 2 examples of Loop Diuretics? |
Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin) Furosemide (Lasix) |
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Describe Ethacrynic Acid |
*rarely used due to popularity of Lasix |
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Describe Lasix (Furosemide) |
*most commonly used *inexpensive *found everywhere (clinics) |
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What does Furosemide treat in small animal practice? |
congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, and hypertension |
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What does Furosemide treat in large animal practice? |
udder edema in dairy cattle and control respiratory hemorrhaging (often seen as nosebleed) in racing horses |
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Describe Potassium-Sparing Diuretics |
*weaker diuretics *act on distal convoluted tubules *anti-hypertensive effects *preserve Potassium *more common in cats than dogs because cats are more sensitive to hypokalemia *more expensive *Potassium is reabsorbed and sodium is excreted |
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What are examples of potassium-Sparing diuretics? |
*Spironolactone *Triamterene *Amiloride |
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What is the main side effect of Potassium-Sparing Diuretics? |
Hyperkalemia |
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What are examples of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors? |
*Acetazolamide *Dichlorphenamide |
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Describe Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors |
*block action of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase which is used by the body to maintain acid-base balance *mainly used to decrease intraocular pressure *Metabolic acidosis w/ long term usage |
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Describe Osmotic Diuretics |
*increase osmolality (concentration) of the filtrate in renal tubules *excretion of water |
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What are Osmotic Diuretics used to treat? |
prevent kidney failure, decrease intracranial pressure, and decrease intraocular pressure |
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What are examples of Osmotic Diuretics? |
*Mannitol *Glycerin |
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Describe Mannitol |
*used to treat head trauma *IV to promote diuresis by excreting high osmotic pressure in kidneys' tubules and limiting reabsorption |
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What is diuresis? |
Increased excretion of urine |
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What is edema? |
extracellular fluid accumulation |
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Behavior Modifying Drugs |
*long term use can cause liver, kidney, and cardiovascular problems *extra-label use required V-C-P relationship and compliance with the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994 *usually takes 6-8 weeks to see changes |
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What type of drugs are used for behavior modification? |
*antianxiety *antidepressants *hormones *pheromones |
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Describe Antianxiety drugs |
attempt to decrease or eliminate these behaviors: separation anxiety, excessive vocalization, whining, whimpering, and inappropriate urination |
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Define Anxiolitics |
drugs that prevent fear or tension |
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What group of drugs make up Antianxiety drugs? |
*antihistamines *Benzodiazepines *Barbiturates *Phenothiazines |
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Describe Antihistamines as Antianxiety drugs |
*centers on side effect of CNS depression *used in treatment of anxiety and behaviors associated with anxiety *Benadryl |
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Benzodiazepines as Antianxiety drugs |
*used to relieve anxiety *anxiolytics |
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Phenothiazines as Antianxiety drugs and an example |
*suppress both normal and abnormal behavior *Acepromazine |
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Barbiturates as Antianxiety drugs and an example |
*once attributed to their ability to cause CNS depression *phenobarbital |
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Antidepressant drugs |
*treat various mood changes including aggression and cognitive dysfunction in animals |
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What are the 3 categories of antidepressants? |
*Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) *Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) *Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
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Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) |
*been used to treat separation anxiety, pruitic conditions, and compulsive disorders in animals *amitriptyline |
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) |
*the only approved drug for use in dogs in Selegiline (Anipryl) |
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors |
*structurally diverse *uses include treating depression, aggression, anxiety, phobias, and compulsive disorders *Prozac |
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Hormones |
*reproductive hormones: estrogens, testosterone, progestins |
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Drugs in the hormone category |
*Diethylstibestrol (DES) *Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera, Provera) *Megestrol acetate (Ovaban, Megace) |
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Describe Diethylstibestrol (DES) |
*second-line drug used to treat urinary incontinence |
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Describe Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) |
*treat aggression because of its calming or feminizing actions |
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Describe Megestrol acetate (ovaban) |
*FDA approved to postpone estrus and alleviate false pregnancies in dogs *used extra-label to treat urine spraying, anxiety, and aggression in cats |
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what is Alternative medicine
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applies to treatments or therapies that are outside accepted conventional medicine |
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What is complementary medicine |
implies that these therapies can be used with or in addition to conventional treatment |
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Describe herbal infusions |
*do not require FDA approval because considered food |
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What are some examples of alternative and complementary medicines? |
*acupuncture *chiropractic *physical therapy *homeopathy *botanical medicine *nutraceutical medicine *holistic veterinary medicine |
