Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Fasting state
|
pancrease releases glucagon
adipose tissue releases FFAs liver produces glucose muscle provides substrates to make glucose in liver |
|
|
Fed state
|
pancreas releases inslulin
adipose tissue stores FFAs liver stores glucose and decreases production muscle takes up glucose and stores as glycogen |
|
|
insulin actions
|
liver: glycogen synthesis
adipose tissue: fat storage muscle: protein and glycogen synthesis |
|
|
insulin secretion
|
biphasic- very rapid first-phase secretion followed by lower sustained rate of insulin secretion
pulsatile secretion into the portal circulation |
|
|
etiology of DM
|
destruction of beta cells
defective insulin synthesis and processing increased proinsulin secretion elevated levels of insulin antibodies overproduction of glucagon resistance to insulin actions |
|
|
mechs of defective insulin signaling
|
reduced pulsatility of secretion
reduced hepatic extraction TNF-alpha ceramides PKC (saturated fats) elevated level/activity of phosphatases |
|
|
obesity related diseases
|
type 2 DM
metabolic syndrome NASH CVD sleep apnea gynecological disorders cancer |
|
|
obesity, metabolic syndrome, and Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mechanistic features
|
visceral obesity
insulin resistance inflammation and oxidative stress dyslipidemia fatty liver |
|
|
metabolic syndrome
|
visceral obesity
insulin resistance HTN dyslipidemia |
|
|
new critirion for fasting plasma glucose
|
FPG of 110mg/dl or greater is considered to be diabetic
|
|
|
clinical evaluation of metabolic syndrome
|
lipid profile
glucose tolerance test BP BMI and waist to hip circumference ratio |
|
|
insulin resistance may be caused by
|
genetic mutations in the insulin receptor in peripheral tissues
secondary to impaired insulin clearance which causes downregulation of the receptor |
|
|
to prevent or delay onset of T2DM
|
introduce proper diet and exercise interventions
|
|
|
recommended diet to reduce risk for type 2 DM
|
increase intake of whole-grains, fiber, and anti-oxidants
reduce sugar intake and dietary fats, esp. saturated and trans fats and cholesterol |
|
|
distribution of calories in diet to reduce type 2 DM risk
|
50% carbs, 20% proteins, and 30% fats
|
