Unit 5 Chapter 10

Front 1

Agribusiness

Back 1

Commercial Agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food -processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations

Front 2

Agricultural revolution

Back 2

the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Front 3

agriculture

Back 3

the deliberate effort to modify a portion of earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and raising of livestock for sustenance farming

Front 4

aquaculture

Back 4

the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

Front 5

cereal grain

Back 5

A grass that yields grain for food

Front 6

chaff

Back 6

husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing

Front 7

combine

Back 7

a machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field

Front 8

commercial agricultre

Back 8

agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

Front 9

crop

Back 9

any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season

Front 10

crop rotation

Back 10

the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

Front 11

desertification

Back 11

degradation of a land, especially in semi arid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting

Front 12

Dietary energy consumption

Back 12

the amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilo calories

Front 13

double cropping

Back 13

harvesting twice a year from the same field

Front 14

food security

Back 14

physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe a nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs ad food preferences for an active and healthy life

Front 15

grain

Back 15

seed of a cereal grass

Front 16

green revolution

Back 16

rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers

Front 17

horticulture

Back 17

the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

Front 18

hull

Back 18

the outer covering of a seed

Front 19

intensive subsistence agriculture

Back 19

a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expand a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

Front 20

milkshed

Back 20

the area surrounding a city from which its milk is supplied

Front 21

paddy

Back 21

the Malay for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah

Front 22

pastoral nomadism

Back 22

a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals

Front 23

pasture

Back 23

grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing

Front 24

plantation

Back 24

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

Front 25

Prime Agricultural land

Back 25

The most productive farmland

Front 26

ranching

Back 26

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area

Front 27

reaper

Back 27

A machine that cuts cereal grain standing in a field

Front 28

Ridge Tillage

Back 28

A system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation

Front 29

Sawah

Back 29

A flooded field for growing rice

Front 30

shifting cultivation

Back 30

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period

Front 31

slash and burn agriculture

Back 31

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris

Front 32

spring wheat

Back 32

Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer

Front 33

Subsistence agriculture

Back 33

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Front 34

Sustainable Agriculture

Back 34

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides

Front 35

swidden

Back 35

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning

Front 36

Thresh

Back 36

To beat out grain from stalks

Front 37

Transhumance

Back 37

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

Front 38

truck farming

Back 38

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a middle english word meaning "bartering" or "exchange of commodities"

Front 39

Undernourishment

Back 39

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity

Front 40

Wet Rice

Back 40

Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

Front 41

winnow

Back 41

To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind

Front 42

winter wheat

Back 42

Wheat planted in the Autumn and harvested in the early summer

Front 43

fallow

Back 43

when you let a piece of land rest