Unit 5 Cell Processes Vocabulary

Front 1

Gamete cells

Back 1

The germ cells that are involved in sexual reproduction. Ex. Sperm cells and eggs. Are haploid.

Front 2

Somatic cells

Back 2

The cells that form a multicellular organism except for the germ cells. Ex. Kidney cells, lung cells, skin cells, etc. Are diploid.

Front 3

Diploid

Back 3

Two sets of chromosomes.

Front 4

Haploid

Back 4

One set of chromosomes

Front 5

Homologous chromosomes

Back 5

Pairs of chromosomes that carry genes for the same characteristics. Ex. Hair color, height, etc.

Front 6

Meiosis 1

Back 6

Includes Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, and Cytokinesis.

Front 7

Prophase 1

Back 7

Chromosomes pair with their corresponding homologous to form a tetrad.

Front 8

Metaphase 1

Back 8

Tetrads line up along the center of the cell.

Front 9

Anaphase 1

Back 9

Spindle fibers begin to pull the homologous chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell.

Front 10

Telophase 1

Back 10

Nuclear membranes begin to form and the cell separates into two new haploid cells.

Front 11

Meiosis 2

Back 11

The meiosis stage in which sister chromatids are separated. Includes Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2, and Cytokinesis.

Front 12

Prophase 2

Back 12

Chromosomes condense and become visible.

Front 13

Metaphase 2

Back 13

Chromosomes line up along the center.

Front 14

Anaphase 2

Back 14

Sister chromatids separate to opposite sides.

Front 15

Respiration

Back 15

The process used by all organisms to release energy from food molecules.

Front 16

Glycolysis

Back 16

The process in which a glucose molecule is broken in half, into 2 molecules of pyruvates. This process does not require oxygen.

Front 17

Aerobic Respiration

Back 17

The process of respiration that does not require oxygen.

Front 18

Electron transport chain

Back 18

A series of carrier in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Front 19

Photosynthesis

Back 19

The process in which autotrophs use energy of the sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen in a chemical reaction.

Front 20

Autotrophs

Back 20

Organisms that can make their own food.

Front 21

Phototrophs

Back 21

Organisms that make their own food using energy from the sun.

Front 22

Chemotrophs

Back 22

Organisms that make their own food using energy from chemicals.

Front 23

Heterotrophs

Back 23

Organisms that obtain their energy from the food they consume.

Front 24

Reactants

Back 24

The substances that enter a chemical reaction.

Front 25

Products

Back 25

The substances that are made from a chemical reaction.

Front 26

Chlorophyll

Back 26

The pigment found in the cells of autotrophs that is used to capture the sun's energy from light waves.

Front 27

Thylakoid

Back 27

Saclike photosynthetic membranes of chloroplasts.

Front 28

Stroma

Back 28

The area surrounding the thylakoids.

Front 29

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Back 29

A high energy molecule that is produced from ADP.

Front 30

Mitosis

Back 30

The division to nuclear material during somatic cell division. Occurs after interphase. Produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical.

Front 31

Prophase

Back 31

The longest phase of mitosis.

Centrioles in animal cells separate and position themselves on opposite sides of the cell. Spindle fibers began to form. The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Front 32

Metaphase

Back 32

The duplicated chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell, and the microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle.

Front 33

Anaphase

Back 33

The centromeres split and the spindle fibers move chromosomes apart to opposite poles of the cell. The chromosomes separated into two groups.

Front 34

Telophase

Back 34

The chromosomes begins to unwind back into chromatin. A new nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes.

Front 35

Cytokinesis

Back 35

The division of the cytoplasm and the divvying up of the cell's organelles that follow nuclear division (mitosis).

Front 36

Cyclin

Back 36

A protein found in cells that are dividing that regulates the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.

Front 37

External Regulator

Back 37

Proteins that respond to events outside the cell.

Front 38

Cell division

Back 38

The creation of two new cells when an adult cell reaches its size limit.

Front 39

Chromosomes

Back 39

Carries the genetic information of the cell. Made up of tightly coiled strands of DNA.

Front 40

Interphase

Back 40

The phase during the cell cycles in which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and carries out its everyday functions.

Front 41

M phase

Back 41

Consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis.

Front 42

G1 Phase

Back 42

Cells grow in size and make new proteins and organelles.

Front 43

S Phase

Back 43

Cells replicate their DNA.

Front 44

G2 Phase

Back 44

Cells produce organelles and molecules needed for cell division.