Unit 5; Alterations In O2/cardio Continued

Front 1

Chest pain that is new in onset, occurs at rest, or has worsening pattern; represents an emergency; represents plaque rupture leading to clot formation, complete occlusion of vessel leading to MI:

Back 1

-Unstable Angina

Front 2

Occurs when myocardial tissue is abruptly and severely deprived of O2 and a result of sustained ischemia, causing irreversible necrosis:

Back 2

-Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Front 3

At what point of time following the start of MI do physical changes appear (area affected blue and swollen)?

Back 3

-6 hours following

Front 4

At what point in time following the start of MI does the affected area turn gray, with yellow streak from neutrophils invading the area?

Back 4

-48 hours following

Front 5

At what point in time following the start of MI does granulated tissue develop?

Back 5

-8 to 14 days following (this tissue is especially vulnerable)

Front 6

At what point in time following the start of MI does scar tissue replace necrotic tissue?

Back 6

-2 to 3 months

Front 7

Pain is described as a heaviness, pressure, tightness, burning, constriction, or crushing; may occur while active or at rest, or asleep or awake; can last up to 20 minutes:

Back 7

-Signs and Symptoms of MI

Front 8

True or False:
Women may experience MI symptoms different than men including atypical discomfort, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

Back 8

-True

Front 9

-Impaired cardiac pumping; not a disease; associated with numerous types of cardiovascular diseases, particularly long-standing HTN, CAD, and MI:

Back 9

-Heart Failure

Front 10

Is characterized by ventricular dysfunction, reduced exercise tolerance, diminished quality of life, and shortened life expectancy:

Back 10

-Heart Failure

Front 11

Name risk factors for HF:

Back 11

-advancing age and CAD (primary)
-HTN, diabetes, cigarette smoking, obesity, and high serum cholesterol

Front 12

True or False:
-Diabetes predisposes an individ to HF regardless of the presence of CAD or HTN and more likely to occur to women than men.

Back 12

-True

Front 13

-Caused by any interference with regulating CO; interference can lead to decreased ventricular function and results in this clinical manifestation:

Back 13

-Heart Failure

Front 14

-The most common cause of HF; results from a defect in the ability of the ventricles to contract (pump); LV loses its ability to generate enough pressure to eject blood forward through the aorta:

Back 14

-Systolic Failure

Front 15

-A hallmark sign is a decrease in the LV ejection fraction (EF); causes include impaired contractile function (MI), increased afterload (HTN), cardiomyopathy, and mechanical abnormalities (valvular heart dz):

Back 15

-Systolic Failure

Front 16

-A normal ejection fraction (EF) value is:

Back 16

- >55% of the ventricular fraction

Front 17

-An impaired ability of the ventricles to relax and fill during diastole; will have a normal EF and systolic function; will result in decreased SV and CO:

Back 17

-Diastolic Failure

Front 18

-Characterized by high filling pressures due to stiff or noncompliant ventricles and results in venous engorgement in both the pulmonary and systemic vascular systems:

Back 18

-Diastolic Failure

Front 19

-Diagnosis is made on the basis of the presence of pulmonary congestion, pulmonary HTN, ventricular hypertrophy, and a normal EF:

Back 19

-Diastolic Failure

Front 20

-Usually the result of left ventricular hypertrophy from chronic systemic HTN, aortic stenosis, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:

Back 20

-Diastolic Failure

Front 21

-Less common, results from pulmonary HTN (chronic or acute) and causes reduced right ventricular emptying, resulting in a low left ventricular filling pressure and reduced CO; causes rapid cardiac demise:

Back 21

-Right Ventricular Diastolic Failure

Front 22

-Seen in disease states such as dilated cardiomyopathy; a condition in which poor systolic is further compromised by dilated ventricular walls that are unable to relax; EF is <35%, high pulmonary pressures, and biventricular failure:

Back 22

-Mixed Systolic and Diastolic Failure

Front 23

-Describe signs and symptoms of ventricular failure (all types):

Back 23

-Low systemic BP, low CO, poor renal perfusion, poor exercise tolerance, and ventricular dysrhythmias

Front 24

-First compensatory mechanism triggered; results in the increased release of epinephrine and norepinephrine; increases the HR and contractility, and peripheral vasoconstriction; least effective where it increases the myocardium's need for O2 and the workload of the already failing heart:

Back 24

-Sympathetic Nervous System Activation

Front 25

-RAAS system: kidneys release renin converts to angiotensinogen to angiotensin I to angiotensin II: angiotensin II causes adrenal cortex to release aldosterone which results in Na and H2O retention; increases peripheral vasoconstriction which then increases BP:

Back 25

-Neurohormonal Response

Front 26

-An enlargement of the chambers of the heart; occurs when pressure in the heart chambers (usually the LV) is elevated over time; muscle fibers of the heart stretch in response to the volume of blood in the heart at the end of diastole; end result is result decreased CO:

Back 26

-Dilation

Front 27

An increase in the muscle mass and cardiac wall thickness in response to overwork and strain:

Back 27

-Hypertrophy

Front 28

Generally follows persistent or chronic dilation and thus further increases the contractile power of the muscle fibers; leads to an increase in CO and maintenance of tissue perfusion; has poor contractility, requires more O2 to perform work, has poor coronary artery circulation, and is prone to ventricular dysrhythmias:

Back 28

-Hypertrophy

Front 29

Both ventricles may be dilated and have poor filling and emptying capacity:

Back 29

-Biventricular failure

Front 30

-most common form of HF; results from left ventricular dysfunction, which prevents normal blood flow and causes blood to back up into the left atrium and into the pulmonary veins; pulmonary congestion and edema:

Back 30

-Left-sided failure

Front 31

-Causes a backup of blood into the right atrium and venous circulation: results in jugular vein distention, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, GI vascular congestion and peripheral edema; primary cause is left-sided failure; other causes include chronic pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale, and right ventricular infarction:

Back 31

-Right-sided failure

Front 32

-One of the earliest symptoms of HF
-Caused by decreased CO, impaired perfusion to vital organs, decreased oxygenation of the tissues, and anemia:

Back 32

-Fatigue (one of the s&s of HF)

Front 33

-Common manifestation of HF
-Caused by increased pulmonary pressures secondary to interstitial and alveolar edema
-Often find patient sleeping with 2 or more pillows to aid breathing
-May have a persistent, dry cough, unrelieved with position change or over-the-counter cough suppressants:

Back 33

-Dyspnea (one of the s&s of HF)

Front 34

-An earlier sign clinical sign of HF
-One of the body's first mechanisms to compensate for a failing ventricle
-Because of diminished CO, there is an increased SNS stimulation (though many of HF patients with be taking beta-blockers and will not respond to an increase):

Back 34

-Tachycardia (one of the s&s of HF)

Front 35

-Common sign of HF
-May occur peripherally, in the liver (hepatomegaly), in the abdominal cavity (ascites), and in the lungs
-May present as pitting
-The development or a sudden weight gain of >3 lb in 2 days is often indicative of exacerbated HF:

Back 35

-Edema (one of the s&s of HF)

Front 36

-Decreased CO will also have impaired renal perfusion and decreased urinary output during the day; however, when the person lies down at night, fluid movement from interstitial spaces back into the circulatory system is enhanced causing increased diuresis at night:

Back 36

-Nocturia (one of the s&s of HF)

Front 37

-Skin may appear dusky; may feel cool and damp to the touch from diaphoresis
-Lower extremities are shiny and swollen, with diminished or absent hair growth
-Skin appears brown or brawny in areas covering the ankles and lower legs due to chronic swelling:

Back 37

-Skin Changes (one of the s&s of HF)

Front 38

-Cerebral circulation may be impaired causing this
-Reports of restlessness, confusion, and decreased attention span or memory
-May also be secondary to poor gas exchange and worsening HF:

Back 38

-Behavioral Changes (one of the s&s of HF)

Front 39

-Due to decreased coronary perfusion from decreased CO and increased myocardial work
-Angina-type pain

Back 39

-Chest Pain (one the s&s of HF)

Front 40

-Possibly from fluid retention
-Causes anorexia and nausea from ascites and hepatomegaly
-Renal failure is a possible cause

Back 40

-Weight Changes (one the s&s of HF)

Front 41

-Results from increasing pressure in the pleural capillaries
-A transudation of fluid occurs from these capillaries into the pleural space

Back 41

-Pleural Effusion (Complication of HF)

Front 42

-Enlargement(stretching of the atrial and ventricular tissues) of the heart chambers may cause an alteration in the normal electrical pathway, especially in the atria:

Back 42

-Dysrhythmias (Complication of HF)

Front 43

-Enlarged LV and decreased CO combine to increase the chance of this occurring
-Recommendation of anticoagulation therapy
-Once formed, it may also decrease LV contractility, decrease Co, and further worsen the patient's perfusion
-At risk for stroke

Back 43

-Left Ventricular Thrombus (Complication of HF)

Front 44

-Occurs with RV failure
-Liver lobules become congested with venous blood
-Leads to impaired liver function and eventually liver cells die, fibrosis occurs, and cirrhosis can develop:

Back 44

-Hepatomegaly (Complication of HF)

Front 45

-Decreased CO that accompanies chronic HF results in decreased perfusion to the kidneys

Back 45

-Renal Failure (Complication of HF)

Front 46

Name stage of HF:
-Pts at high risk of developing LV dysfunction because of the presence of conditions that are strongly associated with the development of HF
-No cardiac structure disorder or s&s of HF

Back 46

-Stage A

Front 47

Name the stage of HF:
-Pt has no HF symptoms but has structural heart dz and is at risk for progression to HF

Back 47

-Stage B

Front 48

Name the stage of HF:
-Pt has past or current HF symptoms associated with structural cardiac disease with progressive ventricular remodeling

Back 48

-Stage C

Front 49

Name the stage of HF:
-Pt has advanced refractory HF and is symptomatic at rest or with minimal exertion despite optimal medical therapy

Back 49

-Stage D

Front 50

-Arterial Blood Pressure is a function of what systemic factors?

Back 50

-Cardiac Output and Systemic Vascular Resistance

-BP = CO x SVR

Front 51

-Short term mechanism reacting within seconds
-A decrease in arterial pressure triggers activation of this system to increase BP by increasing HR and cardiac contractility, produces widespread vasoconstriction in the peripheral arterioles, and promotes the release of renin from the kidneys
-Increases pressure by increasing both CO and SVR

Back 51

-Sympathetic Nervous System

Front 52

This receptor is located in the peripheral vasculature cause vasoconstriction when stimulated by NE:

Back 52

-alpha-adrenergic receptors

Front 53

This receptor is located in the heart and respond to NE and epinephrine with increased HR, increased force of contraction, and increased speed of conduction:

Back 53

-beta1-adrenergic receptors

Front 54

This receptor is activated primarily by epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla and cause vasodilation:

Back 54

-beta2-adrenergic receptors

Front 55

Inhibition of sympathetic activity results in decreased HR, decreased force of contraction, and vasodilation in peripheral arterioles. What receptors sends inhibitory impulses to the sympatheric vasomotor center in the brainstem to cause this response/

Back 55

-Baroreceptors

Front 56

-Produces vasoactive substances and growth factors such as nitric oxide and endothelin
-Regulates blood pressure

Back 56

-Vascular Endothelium

Front 57

-Helps maintain low arterial tone at rest, inhibits growth of the smooth muscle layer, and inhibits platelet aggregation:

Back 57

-Nitric Oxide

Front 58

-An extremely potent vasoconstrictor:

Back 58

-Endothelin

Front 59

-Na retention results in H2O retention, which causes an increased ECF volume; in return, increases the venous return to the heart, increasing the stroke volume, which elevates the BP through an increase in CO
-RAAS

Back 59

-Renal System

Front 60

-Long term mechanism
-Adrenal medulla: releases epinephrine and NE which increases CO and causes vasodilation and vasoconstriction
-Adrenal cortex: releases aldosterone which then stimulates the kidneys to retain Na and H2O; increasing BP
-Posterior pituitary gland: releases ADH with increases the ECF volume increasing BP

Back 60

-Endocrine System

Front 61

Elevated BP without an identifiable cause and accounts for 90-95% of all cases of HTN:

Back 61

-Primary HTN

Front 62

Elevated BP with a specific cause that often can be identified and corrected; 5-10% of adults and >80% in children:

Back 62

-Secondary HTN

Front 63

Name risk factors for HTN:

Back 63

-Age, alcohol, smoking, DM, elevated serum lipids, elevated dietary Na, gender, family hx, obesity, ethnicity, sedentary lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and stress

Front 64

Describe the pathophysiology of HTN:

Back 64

-Heredity
-H20 and Na Retention
-Altered Renin-Angiotensin Cycle (rise in BP inhibits renin release to lower BP)
-Stress
-Insulin Resistance (common)
-Endothelial Cell Dysfunction (reduced vasodilator response to nitric oxide)

Front 65

Describe complications of HTN:

Back 65

-CAD
-LV Hypertrophy
-HF
-Cerebrovascular Dz (atherosclerosis)
-PVD
-Nephrosclerosis (end-stage renal dz)
-Retinal Damage

Front 66

Outpouchings or dilations of the arterial wall and are common problems involving the aorta:

Back 66

-Aneurysms

Front 67

An aneurysm in which the wall of the artery forms the aneurysm, with at least on vessel layer still intact:

Back 67

-True Aneurysm

Front 68

The aneurysm's shape is circumferential and relatively uniform in shape:

Back 68

-Fusiform aneurysm

Front 69

The aneurysm's shape is pouchlike with a narrow neck connecting the bulge to one side of the arterial wall:

Back 69

-Saccular aneurysm

Front 70

Not an aneurysm but a disruption of all layers of the arterial wall resulting in bleeding that is contained by surrounding structures:

Back 70

-False or pseudoaneurysm

Front 71

Alterations in oxygenation can interfere with sleep and rest by:

Back 71

-Disrupting sleep such as: paroxymal nocturnal dyspnea (shortness of breath at night), Cheyne-Stokes (alterating apnea and deep, rapid breathing), sleep apnea, and nocturia

Front 72

Alterations in oxygenation can interfere with nutrition by:

Back 72

-Requiring the patient to change diet such as lowering the amount of salt, saturated fats, and triglycerides.
-Also alterations can cause weight gain or loss and should be assessed

Front 73

Alterations in oxygenation can interfere with self-esteem by:

Back 73

-Causing body image concerns
-Inability to "keep up" previous levels of activity or accomplishments
-Concerns/worries regarding quality of life

Front 74

Alterations in oxygenation can interfere with sexuality by:

Back 74

-Creating fear of sudden death during sex
-Fatigue or shortness of breath
-Erectile dysfunction caused by vascular dz or side effect of meds

Front 75

-Common outpatient procedure; provides a means of obtaining info about CAD, congenital heart dz, valvular heart dz, and ventricular function; used to measure intracardiac pressures and O2 levels in various parts of the heart, as well as CO and EF:

Back 75

-Cardiac Catheterization

Front 76

For right heart catheterization:
1. The cath is inserted into what vein?
2. Where does the cath enter the heart?
3. It is used to assess what part of the heart?

Back 76

1. Cath is inserting into either basilic or cephalic artery of the arm or the femoral artery of the leg
2. Cath is advanced into the vena cava, the right atrium, and the right ventricle
3. Used to assess the function of the left side of the heart

Front 77

For left heart catheterization:
1. The cath is inserted into what artery?
2. The cath is passed through what path ending in which part of the heart?

Back 77

1. Inserted into a femoral or brachial artery
2. Passed up the aorta, across the aortic valve, and ends in the left ventricle

Front 78

List nursing responsibilities for a patient prior to having a cardiac catheterization:

Back 78

-Obtain written consent
-Assess iodine allergy
-Withhold solid food and fluids 6-18 hrs prior to procedure
-Inform patient about use of local anesthesia, insertion of cath, and feeling of warmth when dye is injected and fluttering sensation of heart or a need to cough as cath is passed
-Prepare insertion side as directed
-Insert IV line if needed

Front 79

List nursing responsibilities for a patient after having a cardiac catheterization:

Back 79

-Monitor VS and cardiac rhythm
-Monitor peripheral pulses and the color warmth, and sensation of the extremity distal to the insertion site every 15 min for 1 hr
-Monitor pressure dressing for hematoma or bleeding
-Assess for abnormal HR, dysrhythmias, and signs of pulmonary emboli

Front 80

-Study involves injection of radiopaque contrast medium into either arteries or veins
-Serial x-rays taken to detect and visualize any atherosclerotic plaques, occlusion, aneurysms, or traumatic injury:

Back 80

-Arteriography

Front 81

Describe nursing responsibilities for a patient having an arteriography:

Back 81

-Explain procedure carefully
-Check for iodine allergy
-Give mild sedation if ordered
-Check extremity for pulsation, warmth, color, and motion after procedure
-Inspect insertion site for bleeding or swelling
-Observe patient for allergic reactions to dye

Front 82

-Method used to evaluate the cardiovascular response to physical stress; may be used with perfusion imaging; common protocol is 3-min staging with varying speeds and treadmill elevation; continual monitoring of ECG, BP, and O2 Stat:

Back 82

-Exercise (Stress) Test

Front 83

Describe nursing responsibilities for a patient having a stress test:

Back 83

-Wear comfortable shoes and nonconstrictive clothing
-Instruct to eat a light meal 1-2 hrs prior to procedure
-Instruct to avoid smoking, alcohol, and caffeine at least 3 hrs prior
-Monitor VS and ECG before, during, and after procedure
-Instruct to notify physician if dizziness, chest pain, or shortness of breath occurs

Front 84

-Electrodes are placed on the chest and extremities allowing a recording of the cardiac electrical activity;
-Can detect rhythm of heart, activity of pacemaker, conduction of abnormalities, position of heart, size of atria and ventricles, presence of acute injury, and hx of MI:

Back 84

-ECG

Front 85

Describe nursing responsibilities for a patient having an ECG:

Back 85

-Determine pt's ability to lie still
-Prepare pt and place electrodes
-Reassure that an electrical shock will not occur
-Advise to lie still, breathe normally, and refrain from talking during test

Front 86

-Client wears this monitor and is recorded continuously for 24-48 hrs while the pt performs ADLs;
-Identifies dysrhythmias if they occur and evaluates the effectiveness of antidysrhythmics or pacemaker therapy:

Back 86

-Holter Monitor

Front 87

Describe nursing responsibilities for a patient having a Holter monitor:

Back 87

-Instruct the client to resume normal ADLs
-Maintain an accurate diary documenting activities and symptoms
-Avoid showering and bathing during procedure
-Skin irritation may occur

Front 88

-Noninvasive procedure that uses ultrasound placed in 4 positions on the chest above the heart;
-Records sound waves(audio and graphic) to evaluate and measure structural and functional changes such as valvular abnormalities, congenital cardiac defects, wall motion, EF, and cardiac function:

Back 88

-Echocardiogram

Front 89

Describe nursing responsibilities for a patient having an echocardiogram:

Back 89

-Determine pt's ability to lie still
-Pt is placed in a supine position on left side facing equipment
-Noninvasive; no discomfort should be felt

Front 90

Give 3 examples of anticoagulants:

Back 90

-Comadin (warfarin) -coumarin
-Heparin (UH) -antithrombotic
-Lovenox (LMWH) -antithrombotic

Front 91

Describe the action, use, route, side effects, and nursing implications for Coumadin:

Back 91

-A: interferes with hepatic synthesis of vit-k dependent clotting factors (coumarin)
-U: prevention and treatment of thromboembolic event
-R: IV or PO
-SE: Bleeding
-NI: assess for signs of bleeding and hemorrhage; beware of med interactions; evaluate INR and PT results prior to admin

Front 92

Describe the action, use, route, side effects, and nursing implications for Heparin:

Back 92

-A: affects both the intrinsic and common pathways of blood coagulation by way of the plasma cofactor antithrombin; prevents fibrinogen to convert to fibrin
-U: prevention and treatment of thromboembolic event; prevention of extension of existing thrombi
-R: IV and SQ
-SE: anemia, thrombocytopenia (can occur weeks after therapy stopped)
-NI: assess for signs of bleeding and hemorrhage; review orders repeatedly; obtain another to check dosage prior to admin; check ACT or aPTT

Front 93

Describe the action, use, route, side effects, and nursing implications for Lovenox:

Back 93

-A: affects both the intrinsic and common pathways of blood coagulation by way of the plasma cofactor antithrombin
-U: prevents formation of thrombus; treatment of DVT, ischemia, and MI
-R: IV and SQ
-SE: bleeding, anemia, constipation, nausea, headache
-NI: assess for signs of bleeding and hemorrhage; review orders repeatedly; obtain another to check dosage prior to admin

Front 94

Give 2 examples of Beta Blockers:

Back 94

-Metoprolol (Lopressor)
-Atenolol (Tenormin)

Front 95

Describe the action, use, route, side effects, and nursing implications of Metoprolol:

Back 95

-A: blocks stimulation of beta1-adrenergic receptors
-U: decreases BP and HR; decreases frequency of angina; decreases rate of cardio mortality and hosp in pts with HF
-R: PO and IV
-SI: fatigue, weakness, bradycardia, CHF, pulmonary edema, ED, hypotension
-NI: monitor ECG, BP, and pulse; monitor I & O and signs of HF; take AP and BP before admin (if <50 bpm withhold med and notify dr)

Front 96

Describe the action, use, route, side effects, and nursing implications of Atenolol:

Back 96

-A: blocks stimulation of beta1-adrenergic receptors
-U: decreases BP and HR; decreases frequency of angina; prevention of MI
-R: PO and IV
-SI: fatigue, weakness, bradycardia, CHF, pulmonary edema, ED, hypotension
-NI: monitor ECG, BP, and pulse; monitor I & O and signs of HF; take AP and BP before admin (if <50 bpm withhold med and notify dr)

Front 97

Name 3 examples of vasodilators:

Back 97

-Minoxidil
-Nitroglycerin
-Hydralizine

Front 98

Describe the action, use, route, side effects, and nursing implications for Minoxidil:

Back 98

-A: antihypertensive/vasodilator
-U: severe symptomatic HTN or HTN associated with end-organ damage that has failed to respond to combinations of more conventional therapy
-SI: pulmonary edema, CHF, tachycardia, Na and H2O retention
-R: PO
-No NI provided

Front 99

Describe the action, use, route, side effects, and nursing implications for Nitroglycerin:

Back 99

-A: antianginal/nitrates; increases coronary blood flow by dilating coronary arteries; produces vasodilation; decreases preload; reduces myocardial O2 consumption
-U: relief or prevention of angina; increases CO; reduces BP; adjunct treatment of MI; adjunct treatment of HF
-R: IV, PO, transdermal, buccal, SL
-SE: dizziness, headache, hypotension, tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension
-NI: monitor BP and pulse; tablet should be held in mouth until dissolved; take Tylenol to elevate headache

Front 100

Describe the action, use, route, side effects, and nursing implications for hydralazine:

Back 100

-A: antihypertensive/vasodilators; direct-acting peripheral arteriolar vasodilator
-U: lowering of BP in HTN pts and decreased afterload in pts with CHF
-R: PO, IM, IV
-SE: tachycardia, Na retention, drug-induced lupus syndrome, dizziness, edema, hypotension
-NI: monitor BP and pulse; admin with meals; may be admin with diuretics and beta-blockers

Front 101

Name 2 examples of ACE inhibitors:

Back 101

-Lisinopril
-Captopril

Front 102

Describe the action, use, route, side effects, and nursing implications for Lisinopril and Captopril:

Back 102

-A: antihypertensive/ACE inhibitor; blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to II; increase plasma renin levels and reduce aldosterone levels (causing systemic vasodilation)
-U: management of HF; decrease progression of diabetic neuropathy (captopril); management of HTN;
-R: PO
-SE: cough, hypotension, taste disturbances,
-NI: monitor BP and pulse; monitor weights and auscultate lung sounds; admin 1 hr prior to meal or 2 hr after

Front 103

Name 4 examples of Calcium Channel Blockers:

Back 103

-Verapamil
-Amlodipine
-Nifedipine
-Diltiazem

Front 104

Describe the action, use, route, side effects, and nursing implications for Verapamil, Amlodipine, Nifedipine, Diltiazem:

Back 104

-A: inhibits the transport of Ca into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in contraction
-U: manage Prinzmetal's angina; systemic vasodilation; decreased myocardial contractility; coronary vasodilation
-R: PO and IV
-SE: headache, peripheral edema, arrhythmias, flushing, HF
-NI: closely monitor digoxin levels; monitor BP, pulse, HR, I & O

Front 105

Name 2 examples of antiarrhythmics:

Back 105

-Digoxin
-Amiodurone

Front 106

Describe the action, use, route, side effects, and nursing implications for amiodurone:

Back 106

-A: prolongs action potential and refractory period; inhibits adrenergic stim
-U: suppression of arrhythmias
-R: PO and IV
-SE: dizziness, fatigue, hypotension, bradycardia, GI upset
-NI: assess for signs of pulmonary distress; monitor ECG, HR, BP