Unit 5

Front 1

stromatolite

Back 1

rock made of naded domes of sdediment in which are found the most ancient forms of life: prokaryotes dating back as far as 3.5 billion years

Front 2

spontaneous generation

Back 2

incorrect notion that life can emerge from inanimate material

Front 3

biogenesis

Back 3

princple that all life arises bu the reproduction of preexisting life

Front 4

ribozymes

Back 4

enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splcing

Front 5

three domain system

Back 5

system of taxonomic classification based on hree basic groups: bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Front 6

domains

Back 6

taxonomic category above the kingdm level. the hree domains are archaea,bacteria, nad eukarya

Front 7

petidoglycan

Back 7

type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross linked by short polypeptides

Front 8

gram stain

Back 8

straining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls

Front 9

gram negative

Back 9

group of bacteria with a stucturally more complex cell wall made of less peptidogylcan. gram positive bacteria are often more toxic than gram negative bacteria

Front 10

capsule

Back 10

sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surfae and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.

Front 11

pili

Back 11

surface appendage in certain bacteria that function in adherence and the transger of DNA druing conjugation

Front 12

taxis

Back 12

movement toward or awa form a stimulus

Front 13

nucleoid region

Back 13

region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA

Front 14

plasmids

Back 14

small rind of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome. also found in some eukaryots such as yeast

Front 15

conjugation

Back 15

in bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined

Front 16

transduction

Back 16

DNA transfer process used by phages to carry bacterial genes fom one host cell o another

Front 17

binary fission

Back 17

type of cell division b which prokaryotes reproduce

Front 18

endosperms

Back 18

nutrient rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two plar nuclei during doble fertilization, which provided nourishment to the developing ebryo in angiosperm seeds

Front 19

antibiotic

Back 19

chemical that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth

Front 20

saprobes

Back 20

organism that scts as a decomposed by absrbing nutrients from dead organic matter

Front 21

parasites

Back 21

organism that absorbs nutrients from the body fluids of living hosts

Front 22

nitrogen fixation

Back 22

assimilation of atmospheric nirogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used b plants

Front 23

obligate aerobes

Back 23

organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live wihtout it

Front 24

anaerobic respiration

Back 24

use of inoranic molecules other than oxygen to acept electrons at the downhill end of electrom transport chains

Front 25

signature sequence

Back 25

regions of amll subunit ribosomal rna that have uniue ncleotide suences acquired by the accumulation of mutations in the anestor of tat taxonomic group

Front 26

extremophiles

Back 26

microorganism hat live in exteve environments

Front 27

methanogen

Back 27

microorganisms that obtain energy by using carbon dioxide to oxidize hydrogen, producing metan as a wast product

Front 28

extreme halophiles

Back 28

microorganism that live in unusually highly salineenvironmens such as the great salt lake or the dead sea

Front 29

decomposer

Back 29

any of the saprotrophic fngi and bacteria that absorb nutrients form nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wasts of living organisms, and convet them into inorganic forms.

Front 30

symbiosis

Back 30

ecological relationship between organisms of two different specie that live together in direct contact.

Front 31

host

Back 31

larger participant in a symbiotic relationship, serving as home and feeding ground to the symbiont

Front 32

mutualism

Back 32

symbiotic relationship i which both participants benefit

Front 33

commensalism

Back 33

symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont benefits but the host is neither helped nor harmed

Front 34

parasite

Back 34

organism hat absorbs nutrients from the body fluids of living hosts

Front 35

opportunisic

Back 35

microorganisms that are normal residents of a host but cna cause illness when the hosts degenses are weakened by such factors as poor nutirtion or a recent bout with teh flu

Front 36

exotoxins

Back 36

toxic protein secreted by a bacterial cell that prouces specific symptoms even in the absence of the bacterium

Front 37

kochs postulates

Back 37

set of four citeria fore determining whether a specificpathogen is the cause of a disease

Front 38

endotoxins

Back 38

component of the outer membranes of certain gram negative bacteria responsible for generalized symptoms of fever and ache

Front 39

bioremediation

Back 39

use of living organism to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

Front 40

alveolata

Back 40

protistan clade that includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and the ciliates.

Front 41

protozoa

Back 41

protist that lives primarily by ingesting food, an animal like mode of nutrition

Front 42

algae

Back 42

photosynthetic, plantlike protist

Front 43

syngamy

Back 43

process of celllar union during fertilization

Front 44

plankton

Back 44

mostly microscopic organisms that drift passively or swim weakly near the surface of oceans, ponds and lakes

Front 45

phytoplankton

Back 45

algae and photsyntehtic bacteria that drift passively in the pelagic zone of an aquatic environment

Front 46

platids

Back 46

one of a family of clsely related plant organelles , includng chloroplasts, chromoplasts and amyloplasts

Front 47

exotoxins

Back 47

toxic protein secreted by a bacterial cell that prouces specific symptoms even in the absence of the bacterium

Front 48

kinetoplastids

Back 48

group of protistans, including trypanosoma, which have a single large mitchondrion associtaed with a kinetoplast that house extranuclear DNA

Front 49

kochs postulates

Back 49

set of four citeria fore determining whether a specificpathogen is the cause of a disease

Front 50

euglenoids

Back 50

group of protistans, including euglena and is relaties, characterized bu an anterior pocket or chamber from which one or two flagella emerge

Front 51

endotoxins

Back 51

component of the outer membranes of certain gram negative bacteria responsible for generalized symptoms of fever and ache

Front 52

diploplada

Back 52

class that includes the centipede

Front 53

bioremediation

Back 53

use of living organism to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

Front 54

parabasalids

Back 54

group of protistans, including the trichomonads, thatlacks mitochondria

Front 55

alveolata

Back 55

protistan clade that includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and the ciliates.

Front 56

protozoa

Back 56

protist that lives primarily by ingesting food, an animal like mode of nutrition

Front 57

algae

Back 57

photosynthetic, plantlike protist

Front 58

syngamy

Back 58

process of celllar union during fertilization

Front 59

plankton

Back 59

mostly microscopic organisms that drift passively or swim weakly near the surface of oceans, ponds and lakes

Front 60

phytoplankton

Back 60

algae and photsyntehtic bacteria that drift passively in the pelagic zone of an aquatic environment

Front 61

platids

Back 61

one of a family of clsely related plant organelles , includng chloroplasts, chromoplasts and amyloplasts

Front 62

kinetoplastids

Back 62

group of protistans, including trypanosoma, which have a single large mitchondrion associtaed with a kinetoplast that house extranuclear DNA

Front 63

euglenoids

Back 63

group of protistans, including euglena and is relaties, characterized bu an anterior pocket or chamber from which one or two flagella emerge

Front 64

diploplada

Back 64

class that includes the centipede

Front 65

parabasalids

Back 65

group of protistans, including the trichomonads, thatlacks mitochondria

Front 66

exotoxins

Back 66

toxic protein secreted by a bacterial cell that prouces specific symptoms even in the absence of the bacterium

Front 67

kochs postulates

Back 67

set of four citeria fore determining whether a specificpathogen is the cause of a disease

Front 68

endotoxins

Back 68

component of the outer membranes of certain gram negative bacteria responsible for generalized symptoms of fever and ache

Front 69

bioremediation

Back 69

use of living organism to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

Front 70

alveolata

Back 70

protistan clade that includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and the ciliates.

Front 71

protozoa

Back 71

protist that lives primarily by ingesting food, an animal like mode of nutrition

Front 72

algae

Back 72

photosynthetic, plantlike protist

Front 73

syngamy

Back 73

process of celllar union during fertilization

Front 74

plankton

Back 74

mostly microscopic organisms that drift passively or swim weakly near the surface of oceans, ponds and lakes

Front 75

phytoplankton

Back 75

algae and photsyntehtic bacteria that drift passively in the pelagic zone of an aquatic environment

Front 76

platids

Back 76

one of a family of clsely related plant organelles , includng chloroplasts, chromoplasts and amyloplasts

Front 77

kinetoplastids

Back 77

group of protistans, including trypanosoma, which have a single large mitchondrion associtaed with a kinetoplast that house extranuclear DNA

Front 78

euglenoids

Back 78

group of protistans, including euglena and is relaties, characterized bu an anterior pocket or chamber from which one or two flagella emerge

Front 79

diploplada

Back 79

class that includes the centipede

Front 80

parabasalids

Back 80

group of protistans, including the trichomonads, thatlacks mitochondria

Front 81

dinoflagellates

Back 81

a unicelluolar photosynthetic alga with two flagella situated in pependicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell

Front 82

apicomplexans

Back 82

one of a group ofparasitic protozoans, some of which cause human diseases

Front 83

sporozites

Back 83

tiny infectious cells of apicomplexans that spred disease

Front 84

ciliates

Back 84

type of protozoan that moves by means of cilia

Front 85

blades

Back 85

leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for phtosyntesis

Front 86

stramenopila

Back 86

diverse protistan clade which includes several heterotrophic groups and a variety of photosynthetic protists

Front 87

heteromorhic

Back 87

referring to a condition in the life cycle of all modern plants in which the sporophyte and gametopyte gernerations differ in morphology

Front 88

golden algae

Back 88

typicaly unicellular, biflagellated, algae with ellow and brown carotene and xanthophyll accessory pigments

Front 89

diatoms

Back 89

unicellular photosynthetic alga wiht a unique, glassy cell wall containing silica

Front 90

thallus

Back 90

seaweed body that is plantlike but lacks true roots, stems and leaves

Front 91

holdfast

Back 91

rootlike structure thatanchors seaweed

Front 92

stipe

Back 92

stemlike structure of a seaweed

Front 93

alternation of generations

Back 93

life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diplid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte characteristics of plants

Front 94

sporophyte

Back 94

multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of gernerations that results from a union of gamees and that meiotically produces haplod\id spors that grow into the gametophyte generation

Front 95

gametophyte

Back 95

multicellular haloid form in organism undergoing alternation of gernerations that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation

Front 96

isomorphic

Back 96

referring to alternating generations in whihc the sporophytes and gemetophytes look alike, altho they differ in chromosome bumber

Front 97

vascular plants

Back 97

plant with vacular tissue.

Front 98

green algae

Back 98

photosynthetic protists that inclue uicellular, coloial, and multicellular species wiht grass green chlorolasts

Front 99

lichens

Back 99

mutualistic colective formed by the symiotic association between a fungus and a potosynthetic alga

Front 100

psuedopodia

Back 100

cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding

Front 101

amoebas

Back 101

type of protist characterized by great flexibility andthe presence of pseudopodia

Front 102

heliozoans

Back 102

sun animals that live in resh water. they have skeletons made of siliceous or chitinous unfused plates

Front 103

bryophytes

Back 103

moss, liverwort, or homwort; nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants

Front 104

foram

Back 104

marine protozaon that secretes a shel and extends pseudopodia through pors in its shell

Front 105

cellular slime molds

Back 105

type of protist that has unicellular amoedboid cells and multicellular reproductive bodies in its life cycle

Front 106

vascular tissue

Back 106

plant tissue consisting of cells joind ito tubes that transport water and nutrients thruout the plant body

Front 107

pteridophytes

Back 107

seedless plants with true roots with lignified vascular tisue

Front 108

gymnsperm

Back 108

vascular plant that bars naked seeds, seeds not enclosed inspecialized chambers

Front 109

angiosperm

Back 109

flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary

Front 110

charophyceans

Back 110

green algal group that shares two ultrastuctural features with land plants

Front 111

peoxisomes

Back 111

microbody containing enzyme that transfer hydrogen from various substrtes o oxygen producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide

Front 112

apical meristems

Back 112

embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shootsthat suplies cells for the plant to grow in length

Front 113

placental transfer cell

Back 113

plant cells that enhance the transfer of nutriets from parent to embryo

Front 114

embryophytes

Back 114

another name for land plants, recognizing hat land plants share the commn derived trait of multicellular, depndent embryos

Front 115

alternation of generations

Back 115

life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte

Front 116

sporopollenin

Back 116

secondary product, a polymer synthesized by a side branch of a major metabolic pathway of plants tat is resistant to almost all kinds of environmental damage

Front 117

sporangia

Back 117

capsule in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop

Front 118

gametangia

Back 118

reproductive organ of bryophytes, consistng of the male antheridium and female archegonium

Front 119

cuticle

Back 119

waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desication in terrestrial plants

Front 120

stomata

Back 120

icroscopic pore surrounded by guard cels in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange

Front 121

"deep greens"

Back 121

international initiative focusing on the deepest phyogenetic branching within the plant kingdom to identify and name the major plant clades

Front 122

kingdom plantae

Back 122

traditional embryophyte definition of the plant kingdom

Front 123

phylum hepatophyta

Back 123

group of liverworts, small herbaceous onwoody plants

Front 124

gametophore

Back 124

mature gamete producing structure of a gametophyte body of a mos

Front 125

protonema

Back 125

mass of green, branched, one cell thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores

Front 126

rhizoids

Back 126

long tubular single cells or filamens of ells tat achor bryophytes to the ground

Front 127

sporangium

Back 127

capsule in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop

Front 128

peristome

Back 128

upper part of the moss capsule often specialized for gradual spore discharge

Front 129

peat

Back 129

extensive deposits of undecayed organic material formed primarily from he wetland moss sphgnum

Front 130

seedless vascular plants

Back 130

colective name for the phyla lycophyta and pteridophyta

Front 131

microphylls

Back 131

small leaves of lycophytes that have only a single, unbranched vein

Front 132

megaphylls

Back 132

larger leaves of medern vascular plants served b a highly branched vascular system

Front 133

homosporous

Back 133

referring to plants in which a single typeof spore dvelops into a bisexual gametophyte having both male and female sex organs

Front 134

heterosporous

Back 134

referring to plants in which the sporophyte produces two kinds of spores that develop into unisexual gemetophtes, either female or male

Front 135

microspores

Back 135

spore from a herersporous plant that develops into a male gametophytewith antheridia

Front 136

SPOROPHYLLS

Back 136

modified leaf that bears sporangia

Front 137

integument

Back 137

layers of sporophyte tissue that contribute to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant

Front 138

ovule

Back 138

structure that developsin the plant ovary and contains the female gametophyte

Front 139

progymnospores

Back 139

extinct group of plants that is probably ancestral to gymnosperms and angiosperms

Front 140

monocots

Back 140

subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess oneembryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon

Front 141

dicots

Back 141

subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess two mbryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons

Front 142

eudicot

Back 142

large subgroup of ttraditionally dicot angiosperms including roses, peas, buttercups, sunflowers, oaks, and maples

Front 143

sepals

Back 143

whorl of modified leaves in angiosperms that encloses and protects the flower bud before it opens

Front 144

stamens

Back 144

pollen producing male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament

Front 145

pericap

Back 145

the thickend wallof a fruit

Front 146

endosperm

Back 146

nutrient rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during dbl fertilization, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds

Front 147

mltiple fruit

Back 147

ruit such as pineapple that develops frm an inforescence, a groupt of flowers tightly clustered together.

Front 148

pollen grains

Back 148

structures hat contain the immature male gametophytes

Front 149

embryosac

Back 149

female gametophyte of angiosperms, formd from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure wiht eight haploid nuclei

Front 150

cross polination

Back 150

transfer of pollen from flowers of one plant to flowers of another plant of the same species

Front 151

coevolution

Back 151

mutual inflence on the evoltion of two differnt species interacing with each other and reciprocally inflencing each others adaptations

Front 152

absorption

Back 152

uptake of small nutrient molecles by an organisms own body

Front 153

septa

Back 153

cross walls that divide fungal hypae into cells

Front 154

mycelium

Back 154

densly branched network of hyphae in a fungus

Front 155

plasmogamy

Back 155

fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals, occurs as one stage of syngamy

Front 156

chytrids

Back 156

mainly aquatic primitive fungi that form unilagellated spores

Front 157

mycorrhizae

Back 157

mutualistic association of plant root and fungus

Front 158

mold

Back 158

rapidly growing, asexually vreproducing fungus

Front 159

club fungus

Back 159

common name for members of the phylum basidiomycota

Front 160

yeasts

Back 160

a unicellular fungus that lives in liquid or moist habitats, primarily rep[roducing asexually by simple cell division or by budding of a parent cell

Front 161

lichen

Back 161

mutualistic collective formed b y the symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga

Front 162

mycosis

Back 162

the gerneral term for a fungal infection

Front 163

blastula

Back 163

hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleAVAGE DURING EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

Front 164

gastrula

Back 164

two layered, cup shaped embryonic stage

Front 165

parazoans

Back 165

members of the subkingdom of animals consisting of the sponges

Front 166

cephalization

Back 166

evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory euipment on the anterior end of the body

Front 167

ectoderm

Back 167

outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos

Front 168

diploblastic

Back 168

having two germ layers

Front 169

acoelomates

Back 169

solid bodied animal lackin a cavity between the gut and outer body wall

Front 170

enterocoelous

Back 170

type of development found in deuterostomes

Front 171

cambrian explosion

Back 171

The rapid diversification of multicellular animal life around the beginning of the Cambrian Period, resulting in the appearance of almost all modern animal phyla.

Front 172

spongocoel

Back 172

the central cavity in the body of a sponge

Front 173

osculum

Back 173

a small mouthlike aperture, as of a sponge.

Front 174

choanocytes

Back 174

One of a layer of flagellated cells lining the body cavity of a sponge and characterized by a collar of cytoplasm surrounding the flagellum

Front 175

parthenogenesis

Back 175

development of an egg without fertilization.

Front 176

bryozoans

Back 176

Any of various small aquatic animals of the phylum Bryozoa that reproduce by budding and form mosslike or branching colonies permanently attached to stones or seaweed

Front 177

brachiopods

Back 177

Any of various marine invertebrates of the phylum Brachiopoda, having bivalve dorsal and ventral shells enclosing a pair of tentacled, armlike structures that are used to sweep minute food particles into the mouth

Front 178

torsion

Back 178

characteristic of gastropods in which the body rotates during development

Front 179

ammonites

Back 179

The coiled, flat, chambered fossil shell of an extinct cephalopod mollusk that was abundant in the Cretaceous Period

Front 180

molting

Back 180

periodic shedding of the cuticle in arthropods or the outer skin in reptiles

Front 181

arthropods

Back 181

Any of numerous invertebrate animals of the phylum Arthropoda, including the insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and myriapods, that are characterized by a chitinous exoskeleton and a segmented body to which jointed appendages are articulated in pairs

Front 182

arthropoda

Back 182

the phylum comprising the arthropods

Front 183

chelicerae

Back 183

one member of the first pair of usually pincerlike appendages of spiders and other arachnids

Front 184

mandibles

Back 184

the bone of the lower jaw

Front 185

tilobites

Back 185

Any of numerous extinct marine arthropods of the class Trilobita, of the Paleozoic Era, having a segmented body divided by grooves into three vertical lobes and found as fossils throughout the world

Front 186

entomology

Back 186

study of insects

Front 187

isopods

Back 187

An order of sessile-eyed Crustacea, usually having seven pairs of legs, which are all similar in structure:woodlice.

Front 188

decapods

Back 188

A crustacean of the order Decapoda, such as a crab, lobster, or shrimp, characteristically having ten legs, each joined to a segment of the thorax.

Front 189

chordates

Back 189

Any of numerous animals belonging to the phylum Chordata, having at some stage of development a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and gill slits and including all vertebrates and certain marine animals, such as the lancelets

Front 190

lancelets

Back 190

Any of various small, flattened marine organisms of the subphylum Cephalochordata, structurally similar to the vertebrates but having a notochord rather than a true vertebral column

Front 191

somites

Back 191

A segmental mass of mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo, occurring in pairs along the notochord and developing into muscles and vertebrae

Front 192

craniata

Back 192

chordate subgroup that possess a cranium

Front 193

amniotes

Back 193

Any of a group of vertebrates that have an amnion during embryonic development, including reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Front 194

spiral valve

Back 194

corkscrew shaped ridge that increases surface area and prolongs the pasage of food along the short digestive tract

Front 195

cloaco

Back 195

common opening for the degestive, urinary, and reproductiv tracts in al vertebrates except most mammals

Front 196

vivaparous

Back 196

bringing forth living young rather than eggs, as most mammals and some reptiles and fishes

Front 197

diapsids

Back 197

Any of various reptiles having a skull with two pairs of temporal openings and including the lizards, snakes, crocodiles, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs.

Front 198

ectotherms

Back 198

An organism that regulates its body temperature largely by exchanging heat with its surroundings; a poikilotherm.

Front 199

theropods

Back 199

Any of various large carnivorous saurischian dinosaurs of the suborder Theropoda of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, characterized by bipedal locomotion, large jaws, and short forelimbs.

Front 200

hominid

Back 200

species on the humna branch of the evolutionary tree