Unit 4.4 Physiology Of The Cell

Front 1

List the types of passive transport systems.

Back 1

Diffusion, channel mediated passive transport, and carrier mediated passive transport.

Front 2

Define simple diffusion.

Back 2

Moving particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Front 3

Define osmosis.

Back 3

Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Front 4

Define aquaporin.

Back 4

Channel that permits rapid osmosis.

Front 5

Define channel mediated passive transport.

Back 5

Diffusion of particles through a membrane by means of channel structures in the membrane.

Front 6

Define carrier mediated passive transport.

Back 6

Diffusion of particles through a membrane by means of a carrier structure in the membrane.

Front 7

List the types of active transport systems.

Back 7

Pumps, endocytosis (pino- and phagocytosis, and receptor mediated), and exocytosis.

Front 8

Describe pumping.

Back 8

Movement of solute particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

Front 9

Define phagocytosis.

Back 9

Cellular eating; movement of cells or other large particles into a cell by trapping it in a section of plasma membrane that pinches off to form and intracellular vesicle.

Front 10

Define pinocytosis.

Back 10

Cellular drinking; movement of fluid and dissolved molecules into a cell by trapping them in a section of plasma membrane that pinches off to form an intracellular vesicle.

Front 11

Define receptor mediated active transport.

Back 11

Receptors identify specific substances to be brougt into the cell.

Front 12

Define exocytosis.

Back 12

Cellular defecation; movement of proteins or other cell products out of the cell by fusing a secretor vesicle with the plasma membrane.

Front 13

Define osmotic pressure.

Back 13

Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis into a solution.

Front 14

Define potential osmotic pressure.

Back 14

Maximum pressure that could develop.

Front 15

Define actual osmotic pressure.

Back 15

The pressure that has already developed; current pressure.

Front 16

Define isotonic.

Back 16

Two fluids that have the same potential osmotic pressure.

Front 17

Define hypertonic.

Back 17

Cell shrinks; A solution containing a higher level of salt than is found in a living red blood cell.

Front 18

Define potential osmotic pressure.

Back 18

Maximum pressure that could develop.

Front 19

Define actual osmotic pressure.

Back 19

The pressure that has already developed; current pressure.

Front 20

Define isotonic.

Back 20

Two fluids that have the same potential osmotic pressure.

Front 21

Define hypertonic.

Back 21

Cell shrinks; A solution containing a higher level of salt than is found in a living red blood cell.

Front 22

Define hypotonic.

Back 22

Cell bursts; A solution that has a lower potential osmotic pressure than a solution to which it is being compared.

Front 23

Define lyse.

Back 23

When a cell bursts.

Front 24

Define cell metabolism.

Back 24

The sum of all of the chemical reactions in the cell.

Front 25

Define catabolism.

Back 25

The type of metabolism that breaks down molecules.

Front 26

Define anabolism.

Back 26

The type of metabolism that builds large molecules.

Front 27

Define enzyme.

Back 27

A substance that reduces the energy needed for a reaction to occur.

Front 28

List the types of enzymes.

Back 28

Oxidation-reducing, hyrdolizing, phosphorylating, carboxlyases/decarboxylases, and mutases/isomerases.

Front 29

Define oxidation-reducing enzymes.

Back 29

Known as oxidases, hydrogenases, and dehydrogenases; energy release is dependent upon these enzymes.

Front 30

Define hydrolyzing enzymes.

Back 30

Hydrolases; digestive enzymes belong to this group.

Front 31

Define phosphorylating enzymes.

Back 31

Phosphorylases or phosphatases; add or remove phosphate groups.

Front 32

Define carboxylase/decarboxylase enzymes.

Back 32

Add or remove CO2.

Front 33

Define mutase/isomerase enzymes.

Back 33

Rearrange atoms in a molecule.

Front 34

Define hydrases.

Back 34

Add water to a molecule without splitting it.

Front 35

Define allosteric effector.

Back 35

An agent that changes the shape of a molecule's active site which activates or deactivates enzymes.

Active site (lock) <---> Substrate (key)

Front 36

Define end-product inhibition.

Back 36

Chemical product at the end of a metabolic pathway that inhibits the synthesis of more product.

Front 37

Define kinase.

Back 37

Substances that convert proenzymes to active enzymes.

Front 38

What is cellular respiration?

Back 38

The process by which cells break down glucose or a nutrient that has been converted to glucose to produce stored energy.

Front 39

What occurs in the glycolosis stage?

Back 39

Anaerobic; occurs within the cytosol. Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvic acid molecules, NADH, and ATP.

Front 40

What occurs in the citric acid cycle?

Back 40

Aerobic; occurs within the mitochondria. Two pyruvic acid molecules and NADH are further broken down to produce NADH, FADH2, and a small amount of ATP.

Front 41

What occurs in the electron transport system?

Back 41

NADH and FADH2 are broken down to produce ATP and H2O.

Front 42

Describe the process of catabolizing glucose to form energy.

Back 42

Glucose enters the glycolosis stage and is broken down into ATP, 2 pyruvic acid molecules, and NADH. During the next stage, the citric acid cycle, NADH and pyruvic acid are converted to NADH and FADH2. Finally, in the electron transport system, NADH and FADH2 are converted to ATP and H2O.

Front 43

What is protein synthesis?

Back 43

The central anabolic pathway for cells.

Front 44

Describe DNA.

Back 44

Genetic cod; the hereditary material of the cell. A double-helix shaped structure that is found in the nucleus.

Front 45

What is transcription?

Back 45

The process by which a DNA molecule is used as a template to form mRNA.

Front 46

Define editing.

Back 46

The process by which a splicosome removes intron (nonsense codons) from an mRNA strand.

Front 47

Define translation.

Back 47

The process by which mRNA is used by ribosomes in the synthesis of protein.