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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
WHAT 2 THINGS MAKE UP THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM?
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1.BRAIN
2.SPINAL CORD |
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WHAT IS THE BASIC CELL OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND IS MADE UP OF A DENDRITE, CELL BODY, AND AN AXON?
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NEURON
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THE CONTROL CENTER OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
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BRAIN
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LARGEST AREA OF THE BRAIN AND IS DIVIDED INTO A RIGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERE.
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CEREBRUM
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WHAT IS THE LEFT HEMISPHERE RESPONSIBLE FOR?
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SPEECH,PROBLEM SOLVING,REASONING, AND CALCULATIONS
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WHAT IS THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE RESPONSIBLE FOR?
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VISUAL-SPATIAL INFORMATIONS SUCH AS ART, MUSIC, AND THE SURROUNDING PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.
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CONTAINS THE THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALMUS
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DIENCEPHALON
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RELAYS ALL SENSORY INFORMATION INTO THE CORTEX
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THALAMUS
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REGULATES TEMP., FLUID BALANCE, THIRST, APPETITE, EMOTIONS, AND THE SLEEP WAKE CYCLE
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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CONSISTS OF THE MIDBRAIN, PONS, AND MEDULLA OBLONGATA
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BRAIN STEM
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CENTER FOR AUDITORY AND VISUAL REFLEXES
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MIDBRAIN
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CONTROLS RESPIRATION
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PONS
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CONTROLS HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, RESPIRATIONS, COUGHING, SWALLOWING, AND VOMITING.
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MEDULLA OBLONGATA
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CONNECTED TO THE MIDBRAIN, PONS, AND MEDULLA, AND COORDIANTES INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE ACTIVITY AND FINE MOTOR MOVEMENTS AS WELL AS BALANCE AND POSTURE.
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CEREBELLUM
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CLEAR, COLORLESS LIQUID THAT PROTECTS THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD FROM TRUAMA AND IS COMPRISED OF WATER, GLUCOSE, PROTEIN, AND SODIUM CHLORIDE
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CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
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WHAT 2 THINGS MAKE UP THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM?
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1.BRAIN
2.SPINAL CORD |
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WHAT IS THE BASIC CELL OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND IS MADE UP OF A DENDRITE, CELL BODY, AND AN AXON?
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NEURON
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THE CONTROL CENTER OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
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BRAIN
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LARGEST AREA OF THE BRAIN AND IS DIVIDED INTO A RIGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERE.
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CEREBRUM
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WHAT IS THE LEFT HEMISPHERE RESPONSIBLE FOR?
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SPEECH,PROBLEM SOLVING,REASONING, AND CALCULATIONS
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WHAT IS THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE RESPONSIBLE FOR?
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VISUAL-SPATIAL INFORMATIONS SUCH AS ART, MUSIC, AND THE SURROUNDING PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.
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CONTAINS THE THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALMUS
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DIENCEPHALON
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RELAYS ALL SENSORY INFORMATION INTO THE CORTEX
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THALAMUS
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REGULATES TEMP., FLUID BALANCE, THIRST, APPETITE, EMOTIONS, AND THE SLEEP WAKE CYCLE
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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CONSISTS OF THE MIDBRAIN, PONS, AND MEDULLA OBLONGATA
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BRAIN STEM
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CENTER FOR AUDITORY AND VISUAL REFLEXES
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MIDBRAIN
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CONTROLS RESPIRATION
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PONS
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CONTROLS HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, RESPIRATIONS, COUGHING, SWALLOWING, AND VOMITING.
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MEDULLA OBLONGATA
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CONNECTED TO THE MIDBRAIN, PONS, AND MEDULLA, AND COORDIANTES INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE ACTIVITY AND FINE MOTOR MOVEMENTS AS WELL AS BALANCE AND POSTURE.
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CEREBELLUM
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CLEAR, COLORLESS LIQUID THAT PROTECTS THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD FROM TRUAMA AND IS COMPRISED OF WATER, GLUCOSE, PROTEIN, AND SODIUM CHLORIDE
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CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
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CONTROLS VOLUNTARY MORTOR CONTROL ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE BODY AND DETERMINES EMOTIONS, MOTIVATION, COMPLEX THINKING, JUDGEMENT, AND PERONALITY. (BROCA'S AREA PORMOTES SPEAKING ABILITY.
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FRONTAL LOBE
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INTERPRETS SENSATIONS AND DETERMINES RIGHT FROM LEFT AND WHERE THE BODY IS IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
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PARIETAL LOBE
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PROCESSES TAST, SMELL, AND HEARING STIMULI; ALSO IMPORTANT IN LONG TERM MEMORY (WERNICKE'S AREA PROMOTES UNDERSTANDING OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN WORD)
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TEMPORAL LOBE
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PROCESSES VISUAL STIMULI
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OCCIPITAL LOBE
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EXTENDS FROM THE BRAIN DOWN TO L2, SURROUNDED AND PROTECTED BY VERTEBRAL COLUMN.
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SPINAL CORD
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INJURY BELOW L2 DOES NOT RESULT IN PARALYSIS B/C...
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NOT PART OF THE SPINAL CORD
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H-SHAPED AND CONSISTS OF GRAY MATTER SURROUNDED BY WHITE MATTER
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CORD
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN CONSISTS OF...
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7 CERVICAL
12 THORACIC 5 LUMBAR 5 SACRAL 4 FUSED VERTEBRAE = COCCYX |
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LINKS THE CNS TO THE REST OF THE BODY...
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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MAKES UP THE PNS...
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SPINAL NERVES
CRANIAL NERVES GANGLIA |
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PNS IS DIVIDED INTO WHAT 2 SYSTEMS
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SOMATIC SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC SYSTEM |
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CONNECTS SKIN AND MUSCLES TO THE CNS
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SOMATIC SYSTEM
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CONTROLS VISCERAL ORGANS AND SOME GLANDS
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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HOW MANY PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES ARE THERE...
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31 PAIRS
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NAME LOCATION AND NUMBER OF PAIRS IN EACH LOCATION (SPINAL NERVES)
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CERVICAL: 8 PAIRS (C1-C8)
THORACIC: 12 PAIRS (T1-T12) LUMBAR: 5 PAIRS (L1-L5) SACRAL: 5 PAIRS (S1-S5) |
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AREA OF SKIN SUPPLIED BY A SINGLE SPINAL NERVE, AND ARE USEFUL FOR LOCATING PAIN SITES AND NEUROLOGIC LESIONS
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DERMATOMES
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COME FROM BRAIN STEM ITSELF; CONVEYS INFO DIRECTLY TO THE BRAIN
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CRANIAL NERVES
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SMELL
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CRANIAL NERVE I: OLFACTORY
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VISION
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CRANIAL NERVE II: OPTIC
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PUPIL CONSTRICION
EYEBALL MOVEMENT RAISING OF UPPER EYELID |
CRANIAL NERVE III: OCULOMOTOR
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EYEBALL MOVEMENT
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CRANIAL NERVE IV: TROCHLEAR
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SENSATION OF THE SCALP,NOSE,MOUTH, AND CORNEA
CHEWING |
CRANIAL NERVE V: TRIGEMINAL
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LATERAL MOVEMENT OF THE EYEBALL
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CRANIAL NERVE VI: ABDUCENS
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MVMT. OF FACIAL MUSCLES
SECRETIONS FROM LACRIMAL AND SALIVARY GLANDS TASTE IN ANTERIOR TWO THIRDS OF TONGUE |
CRANIAL NERVE VII: FACIAL
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SENSE OF HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM
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CRANIAL NERVE VIII: VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
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TASTE IN POSTERIOR ONE THIRD OF TONGUE
SENSATION OF PHARYNX AND TONGUE GAG REFLEX SWALLOWING SECRETIONS OF PAROTID GLAND |
CRANIAL NERVE IX: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
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SWALLOWING
CONTROLS PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITIES(HR, RESP RATE, DIGESTION) SENSATION IN PHARYNX AND LARYNX |
CRANIAL NERVE X: VAGUS
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NECH AND SHOULDER MVMT'S
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CRANIAL NERVE XI: ACCESSORY
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TONGUE MOVEMENT
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CRANIAL NERVE XII: HYPOGLOSSAL
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HOW MANY PAIRS OF CRANIAL NERVES?
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12 PAIRS
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RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING THE BODY'S INTERNAL HOMEOSTASIS
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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2 SYSTEMS OF ANS:
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SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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FIGHT OR FLIGHT
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SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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OPERATES DURING NONSTRESSFUL SITUATIONS
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PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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HELPS NERVE IMPULSES CROSS THE SYNAPSE OR STOPS IT
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NEUROTRANSMITTER (EX: ACETYLCHOLINE)
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EPINEPHRINE
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BRONCHODILATOR, VASOPRESSOR
INCREASES BP, STIMULATION OF HEART, DILATION OF BRONCHIOLES SE: RESTLESSNESS, PALP., |
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NOREPINEPHRINE
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CARDIAC STIMULATION,
VASOPRESSOR VASOCONSTRICTION, DILATION OF CORONARY ARTERIES, INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE SE:OCCASIONAL BRADYCARDIA, HA |
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ACETYLCHOLINE
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ADRENERGIC
GLAUCOMA SE: HA |
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DOPAMINE
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ADRENERGIC
INCREASES CARDIAC OUTPUT SHOCK;INCREASED PERFUSION;HYPOTENSION SE: HA, PALP,TACHY, HTN, ECTOPIC BEATS,ANGINA,WIDE QRS COMPLEX, N/V/D |
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CAUSATIVE FACTORS INVOLVED IN NEURO DISORDERS:
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-GENETIC & DEV. DISORDERS
-INFECTION & INFLAMMATION -BENIGN & MALIG. TUMORS -METABOLIC & ENDOCRINE DISORDERS -VASCULAR DISORDERS -DEGENERATIVE PROCESSES -TRAUMA |
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PREVENTION OF NEURO INJURIES
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-PREVENT HEAD & SPINAL INJURIES
-OBSERVE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN SWIMMING & DIVING -WEAR SEAT BELTS -AVOID RECREATIONAL DRUG USE & EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL -PROMOTE IMMUNIZATION (MMR CAN CAUSE NEURO PROBS) -PREVENT OR CONTROL HTN TO PREVENT CVA -PROMOTE LOW-FAT DIET TO PREVENT ATHEROSCLEROSIS & CVA |
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EVALUATION OF NEURO STATUS
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HEALTH HISTORY
NEURO ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSTIC TESTS |
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EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM)
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-CAN DETERMINE THE TYPE OF SEIZURE AND LOCATE THE SEIZURE FOCUS
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EEG NURSING CARE
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-EXPLAIN PROCEDURE TO CLIENT
-TELL THEM TO WITHHOLD TRANQUILIZER AND DEPRESSANT MEDS 24-48H BEFORE AND CAFFEINE,BUT NOT NPO -SHAMPOO HAIR NIGHT BEFORE AND SHORTEN SLEEP PERIOD |
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EEG CLIENT AND FAMILY TEACHING
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-TEST LASTS FROM 1-2H
-TEST IS PAINLESS, DONE WHILE LYING ON STRETCHER OR SITTING IN RECLINER -ELECTRODES ARE APPLIED TO SCALP WITH A THICK PASTE -AFTER TEST NURSE WILL HELP REMOVE PASTE FROM HAIR |
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EEG NORMAL VALUES:
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NORMAL FREQUENCY, AMPLITUDE, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BRAIN WAVES
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LUMBAR PUNCTURE
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PT TEACHING: NEEDLE WILL BE PLACED IN SUBARACHNOID SPACE OF SPINAL CORD, TO MEASURE PRESSURE OF THAT SPACE AND COLLECT CSF
-CLARIFY INFO ABOUT PROCEDURE -EXPLAIN IMPORTANCE OF NOT MOVING DURING -EMPTY BOWEL AND BLADDER BEFORE HAND -NOT NPO -BAND-AID WILL COVER WHERE NEEDLE INSERTED -REMAIN FLAT IN BED 4-24H AFTER PROCEDURE (AOBP) -IF HA OR BACK ACHE OCCUR, ASK FOR PAIN MED NORMAL VALUES: CLEAR CSF, PRESSURE < 20CM, NO ORGANISMS, VERY LITTLE PROTEIN NURSING: MONITOR VS AND NEUROLOGIC SIGNS MONITOR PUNCTURE SITE FOR LEAKAGE OF CSF OR HEMATOMA FORMATION ENCOURAGE FLUID INTAKE GIVE PAIN MEDS AS PRESCRIBED |
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MYELOGRAM
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PT. TEACHING:
-ASSESS FOR ALLERGIES TO SHELLFISH OR IODINATED CONTRAST DYE -DO NOT EAT OR DRINK FOR SEVERAL HOURS BEFORE TEST -EMPTY BOWEL AND BLADDER BEFORE -WILL BE PLACED ON TILTING TABLE SO DYE CAN CIRCULATE IN SPINAL COLUMN -DYE INJECTED THROUGH LP, MAY FEEL WARMTH OR BURNING SENSATION, TELL DR. IF PAIN -DO NOT MOVE UNLESS DOCTOR ORDERS DIFFERENT POSITION -IMMEDIATELY REPORT FEVER, STIFF NECK, OR SEIZURES. NORMAL VALUES: -NORMAL SPINAL CANAL NURSING: -MONITOR VS AND ASSESS NEURO STATUS Q1-4H FOR 24H -INCREASE FLUIDS 2400-3000 ML IN 24H (MAY REDUCE HA) -MAKE SURE PT. VOIDS WITHIN 8H AFTER -GIVE PAIN MEDS AND N/V AS NEEDED -IF WATER SOLUBLE DYE USED, ELEVATE HOB 45 DEGREES FOR 8-12H |
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IMAGING PROCEDURES
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CT
PET SPECT MRI (PREP ACCORDING TO GUIDELINES @ FACILITY) *BE SURE TO REMOVE ALL METAL OBJECTS |
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CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY
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PT.TEACHING:
-ASSESS FOR ALLERGIES TO SHELLFISH OR IODINE -EXPLAIN PROCEDURE -WARMTH UPON INJECTION -ASSESS ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY -NPO 2-8H PRIOR -NEURO ASSESSMENT PRIOR -REMOVE VALUABLES/DENTURES -VOID PRIOR NORMAL VALUES: NORMAL ARTERIAL VASCULATURE NURSING: -MONITOR VS -NEURO CHECKS -ASSESS SITE FOR BLEEDING -BR 6-24H -WATCH FOR DELAYED REACTION TO DYE -GIVE MILD PAIN MED IF NEEDED -NOTIFY DR.IF PAIN SEVERE |
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BRAIN SCAN (PET SCAN)
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R.A. CHEMICAL ADMINISTERED TO PT.
PT TEACHING: -EXPLAIN PROCEDURE -CONSENT -POSS. 2 IV LINES INSERTED -NPO 4H PRIOR -NO ALCOHOL,CAFFEINE, OR TOBACCO 24H PRIOR -DIABETIC TAKE PRETEST MED 3-4H BEFORE -NO SEDATIVES OR TRANQUILIZERS PRIOR -EMPTY BLADDER BEFORE TEST NORMAL VALUES: NORMAL PATTERNS OF TISSUE METABOLISM NURSING: -TELL PT. TO CHANGE POSITION SLOWLY TO AVOID POSTURAL HYPOTENSION -ENCOURAGE TO DRINK FLUIDS AND URINATE FREQUENTLY TO AID IN REMOVAL OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES FROM BLADDER |
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ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
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NEEDLE ELECTRODES INSERTED INTO MUSCLES
PT. TEACHING: -EXPLAIN PROCEDURE -CONSENT -RESTRICT STIMULANTS 2-3H PRIOR, NOT NPO -PREMED NOT USUALLY GIVEN -USUALLY NOT PAINFUL NORMAL VALUES: NO EVIDENCE OF NEUROMUSCULAR ABNORMALITIES NURSING: -OBSERVE NEEDLE SITE FOR HEMATOMA OR INFLAMMATION -GIVE PAIN MED IF NEEDED. |
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COMMON NEURO PT. CARE PROBLEMS:
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-INEFFECTIVE AIRWAY
-IMPAIRED MOBILITY -SELF-CARE DEFICIT -DYSPHAGIA (DIFF. SWALLOWING) -INCONTINENCE -PAIN -CONFUSION -APHASIA (W/O SPEECH) -SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION -PSYCHOSOCIAL CONCERNS -INEFFECTIVE FAMILY COPING |
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INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
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DEF: WHEN PRESSURE OF ONE OF THE THREE CRANIAL COMPARTMENTS (BRAIN,BLOOD,OR CSF) INCREASES CAUSING THE OTHER TWO TO DECREASE.
PATHO:TUMOR,BLEEDING,SWELLING,SOME MEDS S/S: -ALTERED LOC -HA -VOMITING (PROJECTILE, NO NAUSEA -PAPILLEDEMA (EDEMA OF OPTIC NERVE -CHANGE IN VS (T/BP UP, P/R DOWN & IRREGULAR (CHEYNE-STOKES) -UNEQUAL PUPIL & ABNORMAL RESPONSE TO LIGHT -POSTURING PRECIPITATING FACTORS:(IMPENDING CERBRAL DISASTER) -CHANGE IN LOC -CHANGE IN LIMB MOTION -CHANGE IN PUPIL SIZE -CHANGE IN VS MEDICAL MNGMT: -BLOOD GLUCOSE -ABGS -TOXICOLOGY SCREENING -CREAT. & BUN -LFT'S -CBC W/ DIFF -CT -CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY -LUMBAR PUNCTURE -PHARMACOLOGY -ICP MONITORING -FLUID RESTRICTION -KEEP HOB ELEVATED -AVOID VALSALVA MANEUVER -MECHANICAL VENTILATION NURSING MGMT: -ASSESS CHANGE LOC OR MEMORY, OCCUR? FAST OR SLOW -PRESENCE OF HA, N/V -VISUAL CHANGES -RINGIN IN EARS -PAST MEDICAL HISTORY -VS -MEMORY LAPSES -G.C.S. -PERRLA -STRENGTH -NOTE N/V -NOT COLOR/AMT OF DRAINAGE FROM EARS/NOSE |
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ISOTONIC IV FLUIDS
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NS OR LR B/C CAN REDUCE CEREBRAL EDEMA WHILE OTHER IV FLUIDS INCREASE IT
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OSMOTIC DIURETICS
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MANNITOL OR LASIX
DRAWS WATER OUT OF EDEMATOUS BRAIN TISSUE TO BE EXCRETED BY THE KIDNEYS |
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CORTICOSTEROIDS
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REDUCES INFLAMMATION AND CEREBRAL EDEMA BUT CAUSES IRRITATION AND POSSIBLY GASTRIC ULCERS
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ANTICONVULSANTS
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PHENYTOIN(DILANTIN),DIAZEPAM(VALIUM),OR PHENOBARBITAL
MAY TREAT OR PREVENT SEIZURE ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH A HEAD INJURY |
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APAP
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ACETAMINOPHEN
ANTIPYRETIC TO TREAT HYPERTHERMIA WITH CAN RAISE CEREBRAL METABOLISM AND INCREASE ICP |
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BARBITUATES
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PLACES CLIENT IN A COMA, REDUCING CEREBRAL METABOLISM, ALLOWING THE BRAIN TIME TO HEAL WITHOUT PERMANENT DAMAGE.
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WHEN A PROBE IS ENTERED INTO THE VERTRICAL OF THE SKULL TO CONSTANTLY MONITOR INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
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ICP MONITORING
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REMOVING A BONE FLAP FROM THE SKULL TO ALLOW ROOM FOR BRAIN TO EXPAND, REMOVE A BLOOD CLOT OR EVACUATE A HEMATOMA, OR ALSO RELIEVE THE PRESSURE OF A BRAIN TUMOR.
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CRANIOTOMY
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OTHER WAYS TO MONITOR ICP:
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-RESTRICT FLUIDS TO PREVENT OVERLOAD
-AVOID VALSALVA MANUEVER -MECHANICAL VENTILATION |
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MENINGITIS
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DEF: INFLAMMATION OF THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
PATHO:INFLAMMATION INCREASES PRODUCTION OF CSF LEADING TO CEREBRAL EDEMA AND IICP. PRECIP:ORGANISMS ENTER THE BRAIN BY WAY OF: THE BLOODSTREAM, RESPIRATORY TRACT, OR PENETRATING WOUNDS OF THE SKULL OR CRANIAL SURGERY. S/S: CLASSIC SYMPTOM: NUCHAL RIGIDITY. HA,IRRITABILITY, FEVER, BRUDZINKSKI'S SIGN, KERNIG'S SIGN COMPLICATIONS: SEIZURES, SEPSIS, CRANIAL NERVE DYSFUNCTION, CEREBRAL INFARC, COMA, AND DEATH MEDICAL MGMT: -ANALYSIS OF CSF WITH C/S (+ APPEARS MILKY) -ANTIBIOTICS (IMMEDIATELY) -ANTICONVULSANTS -ANTIPYRETICS -ANALGESICS NURSING: -DECREASE ICP -PREVENT SEIZURES -PROMOTE SAFETY & COMFORT |
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WHEN NECK IS FLEXED, THE KNEES AND HIPS FLEX
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BRUDZINSKI'S SIGN
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INABILITY TO EXTEND THE LEGH WHEN THE HIP IS FLEXED AT A 90 DEGREE ANGLE
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KERNIG'S SIGN
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ENCEPALITIS
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DEF: ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD ALMOST ALWAYS CAUSED BY A VIRUS
S/S:HA, FEVER, EXTREME RESTLESSNESS, LETHARY, CONFUSION, VISUAL DISTURBANCES, DELIRIUM MEDICAL MGMT: -ANTIVIRAL AGENTS, TX SX NURSING MGMT: -VS -ORIENTATION, LOC, MEMORY, AND RESPONSE TO STIMULI -ASSESS FOR DIZZINESS, DIPLOPIA, DROOPING EYELIDS, PUPIL CHANGES, AND HEARING DIFF. DUE TO CRANIAL NERVE DAMAGE -ASSESS FOR BRUDZ. AND KERN. SIGNS -OBSERVE FOR ANY SEIZURE ACTIVITY, RESTLESSNESS, AND/OR AGITATION -INSPECT SKIN FOR PRESENCE OF PETECHIAL RASH OVER THE BODY |
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GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME
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DEF: AN ACUTE, PROGRESSIVE INFLAMMATION OF THE PNS.
PATHO: ANTIBODIES ATTACK THE MYELIN SHEATH COVERING THE PERIPHERAL NERVES CAUSING IMPULSES TO BE POORLY CONDUCTED S/S: BILATERAL WEAKNESS, NUMBNESS, AND TINGLING IN THE LEGS WHICH OVER 24-72H PROGRESSES TO PARALYSIS (STARTS AT FEET AND MOVES UP) -PRECIP: RECENT VIRAL INFECTION, INCREASED LEVEL OF PROTEIN IN CSF COMPLICATIONS:(MOST SERIOUS = RESPIRATORY FAILURE) -SKIN BREAKDOWN -DVT MEDICAL MGMT: -PLASMAPHERESIS -INTRAVENOUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN -ABX GIVEN FOR UTI & URI -ANTICOAGULANTS GIVEN TO PREVENT DVT AND PE NURSING MGMT: -PROMOTE SAFETY -PREVENT COMPLICATION OF IMMOBILITY -PROMOTE ADEQUATE HYDRATION, NURTRITION, AND RESPIRATORY FXN |
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POLIOMYELITIS
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DEF:VIRAL INFECTION THAT ATTACKS CNS
-PREVENTABLE BY VACCINE (INJECTABLE BETTER) TX: SYMPTOMATIC, -CONSERVE ENERGY & MAINTAIN MOBILITY |
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BRAIN ABSCESS
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DEF: COLLECTION OF PURULENT MATERIAL WITHIN THE BRAIN
PATHO: MICROORGANISMS IN THE BRAIN TISSUE CAUSE LOCAL INFLAMMATION S/S: IICP, HA, FEVER, CHILLS,(AS ABSCESS EXPANDS = N/V, DROWSINESS, CONFUSION, WEAKNESS ON ONE SIDE, & SEIZURES) PRECIP: -INFECTION OF MIDDLE EAR OR NASAL SINUSES -HEAD INJURY -INTRACRANIAL SURGERY -BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS -OSTEOMYELITIS -LUNG, PELVIC, OR SKIN INFECTION (STREP, STAPH, & PNEUMOCOCCI ARE OFTEN UNDERLYING CAUSES) MEDICAL MGMT: -START ABX ASAP -POSS. SURGERY TO DRAIN OR REMOVE -SYMPTOMS TREATED AS THEY GO COMPLICATIONS AND NURSING SAME AS ENCEPHALITIS (MAY CAUSE BRAIN DAMAGE IF NOT TREATED) |
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INVOLVES AND OPENING B/W THE OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT AND THE BRAIN
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OPEN HEAD INJURY
(THESE CLIENTS AT GREATER RISK FOR MENINGITIS) |
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USUALLY RESULTS FROM AN ACCERLERATION-DECELERATION INJURY (COUP-CONTRECOUP PHENOMENON)-BRUISES BRAIN AT 2 POINTS
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CLOSED HEAD INJURY
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ACCUMULATION OF BLOOD IN THE EPIDURAL, SUBDURAL OR SUBARACHNOID SPACES, OR W/IN THE CEREBRAL LOBES
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HEMATOMA
-CLASSIFIED BY THEIR LOCATION |
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-ARTERIAL BLEEDING
-ON TOP OF DURA -RAPIDLY CAUSES ICP -SEPERATES DURA FROM CRANIUM -DESTRUCTION OF BRAIN TISSUE FAST |
EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
|
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-BELOW DURA
-VENOUS BLEEDING (SLOW) -CLOT FORMS -USUALLY ABSORBED BACK IN TO BODY AND PT. RECOVERS -IF LARGE CAN BE ASPIRATED BY DOING A CRANIOTOMY |
SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
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-SLOW BLEED
-ACTUALLY IN CEREBRAL TISSU -GRADUALLY REABSORBED |
INTRACEREBRAL HEMATOMA
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BONE FRAGMENT MAY BE PUSHED IN TO THE BRAIN; USUALLY CAUSED BY A POWERFUL BLOW TO THE SKULL.
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DEPRESSED SKULL FX
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CARE OF HEAD INJURY
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ASSESS:
-LOC, PUPILS, VS, N/V (VOMITING WITH NO NAUSEA = VERY BAD), LOSS OF SENSATION, SLURRED SPEECH DX: X-RAY, ANGIOGRAM, EEG, CT TX: CONSERVATIVE AT 1ST. SURGERY IF NEEDED NURSING:H.E.A.D.S. -HOB SEMI-FOWLERS -EVALUATE ICP/NEURO CHECKS -AIRWAY -DRAINAGE (EAR/NOSE) -SAFETY:(SEIZURE PREC., RESTRICT FLUID, NO SEDATIVES OR NARC (BE CAUTIOUS IF ORDERED), MAINTAIN TEMP., AVOID VALSALVA MANEUVER |
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BRAIN TUMOR
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DEF: ABNORMAL GROWTHS WITHIN CRANIUM
PATHO: INVADE, DISPLACE, AND DESTROY BRAIN TISSUE S/S: HA, VOMITING W/O NAUSEA, VISUAL PROBS, PERSONALITY CHANGES, DISTURBANCES IN JUDGEMENT, MEMORY, COORDINATION, & SPEECH PRECIP: CAUSE UNKNOWN, BUT EXPOSURE TO CERTAIN CHEMICALS AND RADIATION INCREASES THE INCIDENCE. MEDICAL MGMT: -SURGERY -STEROSTACTIC SURGERY -RADIATION -CHEMO NURSING: -PREOP -BASELINE NEURO ASSESS. POST-OP NSG: *MONITOR: -RESP. STATUS Q 1-2H, AIRWAY PATENCY -O2 SATS -POSITION ON NON-OP SITE -COOL CLOTH OVER EYES -REDUCE NOISE/BRIGHT LIGHTS -NON-NARC ANAL. OR CODEINE -REPORT CSF LEAK (EARS, NOSE, OR WOUND) -USE INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT INFECTION EX: STERILE DSG CHANGES. -MONITOR FOR SEIZURES |
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MIGRAINE HEADACHES
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-CONSTRICTION & THEN DILATION OF CERBRAL ARTERIES
-MAY HAVE AURA OR SCOTOMA-SPOTS BEFORE EYES S/S: N/V, SENSITIVITY TO LIGHT TX: -IMITREX, ERGOTAMINE DERIVATIVE -REST IN DARKENED RM -COLD COMPRESS -IDENTIFY TRIGGERS: STRESS, WINE, CHOCOLATE, CHEESE... |
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CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (STROKE)
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DEF:BRAIN ATTACK, DECREASED BLOOD SUPPLY TO A LOCAL AREA OF THE BRAIN
PATHO: TIA-BRIEF EPISODE OF REVERSIBLE NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS S/S: -DIZZINESS -VISUAL LOSS IN ONE EYE -ONE SIDED NUMBNESS OR WEAKNESS OF FINGERS, ARMS, OR LEGS, APHASIA -PRECIP: HTN, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CARDIAC DISEASE, HIGH CHOLESTEROL, OBESITY, DM, SMOKING, EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL, DRUG USE (COCAINE), ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, OVER 65 YRS. OLD, AFRICAN AMER., MALES (SLIGHTLY HIGHER RISK) COMPLICATIONS: -MOTOR DEFICITS -SPEECH DEFICITS -VISUAL DEFICITS -SENSORY-PERCEPTUAL DEFICITS -COGNITIVE/BEHAVIORAL CHANGES -URINARY/GASTRO PROBS DX:CT,MRI,PET,CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAM, EEG, DOPPLER ULTRASOUND, OCCAS. LP TX: -ANTIPLATELETS -THROMBOLYTICS -ANTICOAGULANTS -ANTIHYPERTENSIVES -EMOBLUS REMOVAL |
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NURSING CARE FOR CVA
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PHASE ONE: (ACUTE CARE)
-FREQ. VS & NEURO CHECKS -MAINTAIN PATENT AIRWAY -DECREASE ICP -PRESERVE JOINT & MUSCLE FXN -PREVENT COMPLICATIONS PHASE TWO (REHAB): -STREGTHEN MUSCLES & MAKE ADAPTATIONS FOR ADL'S PHASE THREE (DISCHARGE & REFERRAL): -CONT. REHAB & PT/OT AS OUTPATIENT |
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DEF: WHEN SEIZURES OCCUR IN A CHRONIC PATTERN
PATHO: WHEN UNSTABLE NEURONS CONTINUE TO SEND ELECTRICAL IMPULSES TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX |
EPILEPSY
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START IN ONE AREA OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
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PARTIAL SEIZURES
2TYPES: SIMPLE COMPLEX |
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CAUSE UNCONTROLLED JERKING MVMTS OF A FINGER, HAND, FOOT, LEG, OR THE FACE, LASTS 20-30 SEC, AND CLIENT DOES NOT LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS.
SYMPTOMS: FLASHING LIGHTS, TINGLING, HALLUCINATIONS |
SIMPLE PARTIAL SEIZURE
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-PSYCHOMOTOR SEIZURE
-NONPURPOSEFUL ACTIONS: LIP SMACKING, AIMLESS WALKING, OR PICKING AT CLOTHING (AUTOMATISMS) -LAST LESS THAN A MINUTE -CLIENT HAS ALTERED LOC -CONFUSED, MAY NOT REMEMBER SEIZURE -AURA MAY BE WARNING SIGN |
COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURE
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SEIZURE THAT INVOLVE BOTH HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN AND RESULT IN LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS.
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GENERALIZED SEIZURES
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ABSENCE SEIZURES
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-PETIT MAL SEIZURE
-MORE COMMON IN CHILDREN -BRIEF CHANGE IN CONSCIOUSNESS -LASTS ON 5-10 SEC. |
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TONIC CLONIC SEIZURES
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-GRAND MAL SEIZURE
-MOST COMMON DISORDER IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN -EXPERIENCE: AURA EPLIPTIC CRY TONIC PHASE CLONIC PHASE POSTICTAL PHASE |
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WHEN THE BODY BECOMES RIDGID WITH AREMS AND LEGS EXTENDED, JAW CLENCHED, EYES ROLL BACK, BREATHING STOPS BRIEFLY
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TONIC CONTRACTION
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MVMTS ARE JERKY AS MUSCLES ALTERNATELY CONTRACT AND RELAX, TONGUE/CHEEK BITING, FROTHING FROM MOUTH, URINARY/BOWEL INCONT. COMMON.
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CLONIC CONTRACTION
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UNCONSCIOUS FOR UP TO 30 MIN, UPON WAKING-CONFUSED AND DISORIENTED, EXPER. HA, MUSCLE ACHES, AND FATIGUE, USUALLY SLEEP FOR HOURS AFTERWARD.
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POSTICAL PHASE (POST SEIZURE)
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STATUS EPILEPTICUS
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-UNRELENTING CONVULSIONS
-PT. DOES NOT REGAIN CONSCIOUSNESS -CAN HARM THE BRAIN'S NERVE CELL AND LEAD TO PERM. DAMAGE -CONSIDERED A LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCY -CAN BE TRIGGERED BY ABRUPT DC'ING OF ANTICONVULSANTS |
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TX OF EPILEPSY
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-EEG
-ANTICONVULSANTS -SURGERY (REMOVING EFFECTED TISSUE WITH PT. AWAKE) |
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NURSING CARE OF EPILEPSY
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-SEIZURE PRECAUTIONS:
PUT IN ROOM CLOST TO NURSES PAD SIDE RAILS -DURING SEIZURE: 1ST GET HELP MAINTAIN AIRWAY PROTECT HEAD DON'T RESTRAIN -ASSESS: ONSET DURATION BEHAVIOR A/P TYPE OF MVMTS LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS INCONTINENCE SEIZURE AWARENESS -DURING POSTICTAL PHASE: ASSESS FOR INJURY VS PROMOTE REST -LONG-TERM SUPPORT: EDUCATION (SAFETY, MEDS) AVOIDANCE OF TRIGGERS MEDIC ALERT BRACELET NO DRIVING IDENTIFICATION OF AURA (TEACH TO GET IN SAFE PLACE IF OCCURS) |
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HUNTINGTON'S DIEASE
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DEF: PROGRESSIVE, INHERITED NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE (TYPICALLY EFFECTED B/W AGES 40-50)
-S/S:CHOREA(CONSTANT, JERKY, UNCRONTROLLED MVMTS OF THE BODY), DEMENTIA, EMACIATION & EXHAUSTION DX: SYMPTOMS AND FAMILY HISTORY TX: -NO SPECIFIC TEST FOR THIS DISEASE -ANTIDEPRESSANTS -ANTIPSYCHOTICS -DOPAMINE BLOCKERS |
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TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
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DEF: SEVERE, ONE-SIDED FACIAL PAIN LASTING A FEW SECONDS TO A FEW MINUTES, AFFECTS CRANIAL NERVE V
S/S: -NEURALGIA (EXCRUTIATING PAIN -FACIAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY TX: -DILANTIN OR TEGRETOL(ANTICONVULSANT) -LOCAL NERVE BLOCK -SURGICAL INTERRUPTION OF NERVE IMPULSE TRANSMISSION (RHIZOTOMY) NURSING CARE:(N.E.U.R.A.L.G.I.A.) -NATURE OF PAIN -EYE CARE -UNEFFECTED SIDE-CHEW ON -ROOM TEMP. -ASSESS NATURE OF PAIN -LUKEWARM FOOD -hyGiene-ORAL -INCREASE PROTEIN/CALORIES, SOFT DIET -AVOID TOUCHING CLIENT (LET PT WASH THAT SIDE OF THEIR FACE) |
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BELL'S PALSY
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DEF: FACIAL PARALYSIS (ASSOC. WITH THE HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS)
-CRANIAL NERVE VII S/S: AFFECTS ONE SIDE OF FACE, NUMBNESS, PARTIAL OR TOTAL PARALYSIS TX: -STEROIDS (CORTICOSTEROIDS) -ANTIVIRAL DRUGS -ANALGESICS NSG: -PROMOTE + SELF IMAGE -MEDS -EYE DROPS -OPTHTHALMIC OINT. & EYE PATCH AT NIGHT -EVALUATE ABILITY TO EAT -WARM, MOIST HEAT |
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SPINAL CORD INJURY
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MOST OCCUR IN CERVICAL AND LUMBAR REGIONS
PATHO: -HYPERFLEXION-MVA -HYPEREXTENSION-WHIPLASH -COMPRESSION-DIVING, SKIING, SPORTS INJURY |
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GOALS OF SPINAL CORD INJURY
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-STABILIZE VS
-PREVENT FURTHER CORD DAMAGE -REPAIR DAMAGE TO SPINAL CORD -PREVENT COMPLICATIONS -MAINTAIN AS MUCH FUNCTION AS POSS. -PROMOTE REHABILITATION |
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NURSING CARE SCI
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-PREVENT FURTHER CORD DAMAGE
-ASSESS RESP. FUNCTION -MAINTAIN URINARY/BOWEL FXN -PREVENT THROMBUS -MAINTAIN CARDIOVASCULAR STABILITY -HELP MAINTAIN ONGOING NEURO. ASSESSMENTS -ENCOURAGE ADEQUATE FLUID & NUTRITION -PREVENT SKIN BREAKDOWN -PROVIDE EMOTIONAL SUPPORT -LOGROLL THESES PT'S -REMEMBER PARALYSIS OCCURS BELOW LEVEL OF INJURY |
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SPINAL SHOCK
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DEF: TEMPORARY LOSS OF REFLEX ACTIVITY BELOW LEVEL OF SPINAL CORD INJURY
-CESSATION OF MOTOR, SENSORY, AUTONOMIC & REFLEX IMPULSES -BRADYCARDIA -HYPOTENSION -LOSS OF SWEATING & TEMP CONTROL -BOWEL/BLADDER DYSFUNCTION -FLACCID PARALYSIS -POIKILOTHERMIA_(CLIENT ASSUMES TEMP. OF ENVIRONMENT) -LAST FROM 1-6 WKS -UNTIL RESOLVED PT. NEEDS MEDICAL SUPPORT |
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HERNIATED INTERVERTEBRAL DISK
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DEF: WHEN THE NUCLEUS PULPOSUS PROTRUDES THROUGHA WEAKENED OR TORN ANNULUS FIBROSUS.
LUMBAR/SACRAL S/S: -PAIN IN LOWER BACK RADIATING DOWN ONE LEG; HX OF FEELING SOMETHING "GIVE WAY" CERVICAL S/S: -PAIN IN NECK & SHOULDER RADIATING DOWN ONE ARM DX: -MYELOGRAPHY: R/O TUMORS & LOCATE HERNIATION -CT/MRI: SHOW SITE OF HERNIATION MEDS: -NSAIDS (ASA, MOTRIN, NAPROSYN) -NON-NARCOTIC ANALGESICS (VICODIN)ACUTE PAIN -MUSCLE RELAXANTS -TENS (RELIEVES UNCONTROLLED PAIN |
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TX H.I.D.
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-CHIROPRACTIC
-BR W/ FIRM MATTRESS -PELVIC OR HEAD TRACTION -HEAT/COLD -MILD EXERCISE TO STREGTHEN ABD -BACK BRACE -PT -SURGERY: DISKECTOMY LAMINECTOMY SPINAL FUSION CHEMONUCLEOLYSIS -SURGERY DEPENDS ON THE LOC/SIZE OF RUPTURED DISK -P SUCCESSFUL SURGERY MOST CAN RETURN TO JOBS IN ABOUT 6 WKS. |
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REMOVAL OF THE HERNIATED DIS OR DISK FRAGMENTS
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DISKECTOMY
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REMOVAL OF THE VERTEBRAL LAMINA TO RELIEVE PRESSURE ON THE NERVES. (MOST COMMON)
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LAMINECTOMY
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INSERTION OF BONE GRAFT (FROM ILIAC CREST) B/W THE VERTEBRAE.
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SPINAL FUSION
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INJECTION OF THE ENZYME CHYMOPAPAIN INTO THE NUCLEUS PULPOSUS TO SHRINK OR DISSOLVE THE PROTRUDING HERNIATION
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CHEMONUCLEOLYSIS
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PARKINSON'S DISEASE
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DEF: CHRONIC, PROGRESSIVE, DEGENERATIVE NEURO DISEASE THAT ALTERS MOTOR COORDINATION (CAUSE UNKNOWN)
PATHO: DEFICIENCY OF DOPAMINE S/S: -TREMOR -RIGIDITY -BRADYKINESIA SLOWED, VOLUNTARY MVMT SLURRED SPEECH MASKLIKE, EXPRESSIONLESS DX: BASED ON SYMPTOMS MEDS: -LEVODOPA -CARBIDOPA -DOPAMINE AGONIST -MAOI'S -ANTICHOLINERGICS: ARTANE, CONGENTIN -ANTIDEPRESSANTS SURGERY: -PALLIDOTOMY -STEREOTAXIC THALAMOTOMY |
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PART OF THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS IS DESTROYED TO CONTROL RIGIDITY AND TREMORS
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PALLIDOTOMY
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DESTROYS PART OF THE THALAMUS TO REDUCE TREMORS
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STEREOTAXIC THALAMOTOMY
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MULTIPLE SCLEROIS
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DEF: CHRONIC, DEGENERATICE DISEASE THAT DAMAGES THE MYELIN SHEATH SURROUNDING THE AXONS OF THE CNS.
-MARKED BY PERIODS OF REMISSION AND EXACERBATION -ONSET 20-40YRS OF AGE -EXACT CAUSE UNKNOWN SYPTOMS: FATIGUE IS COMMON BUT OFTEN IGNORED, DIPLOPIA,WEAKNESS, TINGLING, & NUMBNESS IN EXTREMITIES DX: -BASED ON PT'S HX, PX EXAM & SX -CSF ANALYSIS=ELEV. WBC'S -MRI DETECTS PLAQUE LESIONS -EEG SHOW SLOWED BRAIN ACTIV. GOAL OF TX: KEEP CLIENT FXNING AS LONG AS POSS. -TX: BETA-INTERFERON ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, STEROIDS IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS |
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NSG INTERVENTIONS TO HELP MS PT. COPE WITH:
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-IMMOBILITY
-FATIGUE -INCONTINENCE -VISUAL PROBLEMS -SPEECH DISORDERS -SEXUAL IMPOTENCE -MUSCLE SPASTICITY |
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ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
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DEF: PROGRESSIVE, IRREVERSIBLE DETERIORATION OF THE BRAIN (MOST COMMON)
-CAUSES ATROPHY OF PORTIONS OF FRONTAL & TEMPORAL LOBES -SLOW ONSET, EVENTUALLY FATAL PATHO: -LOSS OF NERVE CELLS -REDUCED BRAIN SIZE -PRESENCE OF NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES -NEURITIC PLAQUES(AMYLOID CAUSES PLAQUE FORMATION) FIRST SIGN: MEMORY LOSS NSG: HELP CLIENT MAINTAIN THE HIGHEST QUALITY OF LIFE GOALS: -PROMOTE PERFORMANCE ADL'S -PROTECT FROM INJURY -PRESERVE DIGNITY |
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AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS
(LOU-GEHRIG'S DISEASE) |
DEF: RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE, FATAL NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE
-DEGENERATION OF MOTOR NEURONS-MUSCLE ATROPHY -CLIENT REMAINS FULLY ALERT -FATAL, NO TX OR CURE -CAUSE UNKNOWN -MEN, AGES 40-70S\ COMPLICATIONS: -MUSCLE WEAKNESS -FASCICULATIONS(INVOLUNTARY CONTRACTIONS) -MUSCLE WASTING -BRAIN STEM INVOLVEMENT (SPEECH/SWALLOWING DIFF.) -BREATHING PROBS DX: -SYPMTOMS -EMG-CONFIRMS MUSC. WEAK -MUSCLE BIOPSY-SHOW LOSS OF MUSCLE FIBER DEATH: USUALLY FROM ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA OR RESP. FAILURE MEDS:RILUTEK(RILUZOLE)ONLY ONE THAT SEEM TO SLOW DESTRUCTION OF MOTOR NEURONS ASSESS: -PT'S LEVEL OF OPTIMAL PX ACTIVITY -SPECIFIC PROBLEMS RELATED TO PARALYSIS NSG INTERVENTIONS: -PROVIDING PX COMFORT & EMOTIONAL SUPPORT -PROMOTING MAX. INDEPENDENCE |
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MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
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DEF: CHRONIC, AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER AFFECTING ACETYCHOLINE RECEPTORS & AFFECTING WOMEN B/W AGES OF 20-30.(CAUSES EXTREME MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND FATIGUE)
S/S: AGGRAVATED BY ACTIVITY, RELIEVED BY REST -EYELID PTOSIS, DIPLOPIA, SLURRED SPEECH, NASAL VOICE, DIFFICULTY CHEWING & SWALLOWING, FATIGUE -PROGRESSIVE DIFF. PERFORMING FINE MOTOR SKILLS -RISK OF ASPIRATION & RESP INSUFFICIENCY DX: TENSILON INJECTION IMPROVES CONDITION FOR ONLY 5 MIN TX: -ANTICHOLINESTERASE DRUGS(WATCH OUT FOR CRISIS) -PLASMAPHERESIS -SURGICAL REMOVAL OF THYMUS NSG INTERVENTION: -SAME AS MS OR PD -MONITOR FOR MYASTHENIC CRISIS & CHOLINERGIC CRISIS DEATH: USUALLY DUE TO RESP. FAILURE - |