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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genetics
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the study of heredity
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Heredity (Inheritance)
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The transmission of traits from parents to offspring
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Trait
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a variant of a physical characteristic of an organism that may be inherited
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Gene
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Sequence of DNA that has the instructions to build a specific protein. Genes are found at a particular location on a chromosome called a locus
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Alleles
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Variations of a gene: Different sequence of nucleotides
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Recessive Allele
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An allele that is only expressed when two alleles are present
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Dominant Allele
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An allele that is always expressed when present
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Homozygous
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Genotype has same alleles
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Heterozygous
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Genotype has different alleles
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Genotype
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gene combination for a trait (e.g. RR, Rr, rr)
• gen…otype • gen…etic |
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Phenotype
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the physical feature resulting from a genotype (e.g. red, white)
• ph…enotype à • ph…ysical |
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Homozygous
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Genotype has same alleles
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Monohybrid cross
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A cross between two individuals involving one trait
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Dihybrid cross
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A cross between two individuals involving two different traits.
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Mendel Law of INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
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States that allele for different traits sort independent of each other
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Mendel Law of SEGREGATION
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States 2 alleles for a trait separate during gamete production
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Mendel Law of DOMINANCE
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States that one of the two alleles for a gene is always be expressed (dominate) when present
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Probability
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the likelihood that a particular event will occur
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homologous chromosome
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a set of one maternal chromosome and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis. These copies have the same genes in the same locations, or loci, as one another. These loci provide points along each chromosome which enable a pair of chromosomes to align correctly with one another before separating during meiosis
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hyrbrid
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any offspring resulting from the mating of two genetically distinct individuals. heterzygous.
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pure breed
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selectively breed. pure-homozygous
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Punnett Square
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a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment
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polygenic trait
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>2 phenotypes, >2alleles, >1 gene
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monogenic trait
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2 phenotypes, 1 gene, 2 alleles (multiple alleles)
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multiple alleles
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1 trait, 1 gene, >2 alleles
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Codominance
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both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
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Incomplete dominance
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a condition in which neither allele for a gene completely conceals the presence of another, resulting in intermediate expression
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Sex chromosome
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These chromosomes determine the sex of an individual when reproducing
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autosomal chromosomes
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a chromosome that is not an allosome (sex chromosome)
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BLENDING THEORY
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The inheritance pattern of a system involving incomplete dominance, whereby characters are inherited in heterozygous individuals that show the effects of both alleles. As a result the inherited characters in the offspring are intermediate between those of the parents.
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PARTICULAR THEORY
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characteristics are passed from one generation to the next through discrete particles (genes) that retain their ability to be expressed, even though they may not appear in every generation
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