Unit 4 Biology

Front 1

Transduction pathways include ____________ and __________ __________ __________.

Back 1

Protein and non-protein relay molecules

Front 2

What are the two different types of relay proteins?

Back 2

G-proteins and Phosphorylation Cascades

Front 3

How do G-proteins work as relay molecules?

Back 3

Transduce the signal to another protein usually embedded in the cell membrane.

Front 4

How to Phosphorylation Cascades work as relay molecules?

Back 4

Involve a large number of kinases that sequentially phosphorylate proteins down a chain to the final kinase that phosphorylates the final protein.

Front 5

What are the enzymes called when Phosphorylation Cascades get shut down?

Back 5

Phosphatases

Front 6

What are non-protein relay molecules called?

Back 6

Secondary Messangers

Front 7

What are the four main types of secondary messengers?

Back 7

cAMP, Calcium ions, DAG, IP3

Front 8

Define a secondary messenger?

Back 8

they are all small molecules that aren't proteins and not present in the cell unless being produced by signaling pathway.

Front 9

What enzyme produces cAMP as a secondary messenger?

Back 9

Adenylyl Cyclase

Front 10

Adenylyl Cyclase is the target of what?

Back 10

G-protein signaling

Front 11

cAMP protein activate downstream molecules like what?

Back 11

Kinase enzymes

Front 12

How does calcium act as a secondary messenger?

Back 12

Cell keeps calcium ion concentration low by using energy to pump calcium into storage areas such as within the ER and the mitochondria and out of the cell.

Front 13

When calcium acts as a secondary messenger?

Back 13

When a signal is receiving this calcium can move back into cytosol down the concentration gradient.

Front 14

what does transduction allow for with the original signal?

Back 14

allows it to be amplified

Front 15

What is the final stage in cell signaling?

Back 15

Response

Front 16

During responds how does the cell respond to the signal?

Back 16

2 types: Nuclear and Cytoplasmic response

Front 17

Whats is nuclear response?

Back 17

Changes in gene expression - genes turned on or off

Front 18

Define Cytoplasmic response.

Back 18

Changes in the proteins such as phosphorylation on enzymes that changes their activity

Front 19

What are the different relative amounts of times that cellular response takes?

Back 19

Nuclear response is relatively slow and cytoplasmic response is relatively fast.

Front 20

True or false: one cell can have different responses based on the same signal (nuclear and cytoplasmic)

Back 20

True

Front 21

Different cells responding differently to the same signal is dependent on what?

Back 21

receptors and proteins internally

Front 22

Give an example of different cells responding differently to the same signal is dependent receptors and proteins internally.

Back 22

Response to Acetytlcholine on type of receptor and transduction pathways

Front 23

Give an example of cell signaling when its put all together, from reception to response.

Back 23

Epinephrine

Front 24

Give an example of how disrupting cell signaling can lead to illness.

Back 24

Cholera

Front 25

How does disrupting cell signaling can lead to illness in the form of cholera?

Back 25

Cholera toxin interferes with G-protein signaling. Mutations in CFTR may be protective for cholera

Front 26

What type of signals might cell need to respond to?

Back 26

Unicellular organisms: Nutrients, light, mating.

Multicellular: Internal signals (glucose levels) and external signals (predator)

Front 27

Short distance signaling is what three types of signaling.

Back 27

Contact-dependent, Paracrine, and Synaptic signaling.

Front 28

Define contact-dependent signaling.

Back 28

Cells must be in contact

Front 29

Define paracrine signaling.

Back 29

Cells release molecule that reaches nearby cells.

Front 30

Define synaptic signaling.

Back 30

Signaling between axon of one neuron to dendrites of another.

Front 31

What type of signaling is long distance signaling and give an example.

Back 31

Endocrine signaling in animals- hormones that travel in the bloodstream.

Hormones in plants that travel through phloem and xylem

Front 32

What are the three stages of cell signaling (external to internal response)?

Back 32

Reception, transduction, response

Front 33

Define reception.

Back 33

Signal is received by a cell at the surface (most of the time)

Front 34

Define transduction.

Back 34

Intermediate molecules transmit signal from surface to where response is activated.

Front 35

Define response.

Back 35

what the cell does after receiving the signal.

Front 36

Where do receptors typically receive messages?

Back 36

at cell membrane

Front 37

What happens in reception?

Back 37

receptors receive message and communicate the message to the inside of the cell.

Front 38

Define signal.

Back 38

the event that is being perceived by the cell

Front 39

Define ligand.

Back 39

The molecule that is outside the cell communicating the signal to the cell.

Front 40

What does the receptor do during the reception stage of cellular communication?

Back 40

Recognizes ligand and acts and begins the relay process.

Front 41

Where is the receptor typically located and what happens?

Back 41

on the surface of the cell membrane that recognizes the ligand and acts as the relay of the signal from outside the cell to inside the cell. ( cell surface receptors)

Front 42

Where can receptors be found during phase 1 reception?

Back 42

Cell surface receptors and inside the cell ( intracellular receptors)

Front 43

How are ligand and receptor relationships specific? and what else holds a similar relationship?

Back 43

Binding of the ligand to a receptor changes the shape of the receptor. similar to enzyme and substate.

Front 44

What are the three main types of cell surface receptors?

Back 44

G-protein coupled receptors, Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), and ligand gated ion channels.

Front 45

What are G-protein coupled receptors?

Back 45

Membrane proteins that work with G-proteins (intracellular)

Front 46

What do the three main types of G-protein coupled receptors involve?

Back 46

activation of G-protein, movement of the g-protein, and resetting of the g-protein.

Front 47

What do RTK consist of?

Back 47

Two transport membrane proteins that work together.

Front 48

Describe the process of RTK.

Back 48

Ligand binding to RTK--> Dimerization of RTKs --> Auto-phosphorlation of RTK--> activated receptor

Front 49

Why do activated receptors interact with other proteins?

Back 49

to transmit signals

Front 50

Describe a ligand gated ion channel.

Back 50

Binding ligand results in movement of ions into the cell.

Front 51

Describe how intracellular proteins interact and give an example.

Back 51

They interact with hydrophobic ligands that can pass through the membrane.

Ex. Hormone receptors that bind estrogen to testosterone