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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chloroplasts are the _ that carry out photosynthesis. They vary in shape and size but are typically _-shaped, 2-10μm long and 1μm in diameter. The following are their main features: The _ _ is a _ plasma membrane that surrounds the organelle. It is _ _ in what it allows to _ and _ the chloroplast. |
organelles / disk- chloroplast envelope / double / highly selective / enter / leave |
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Chloroplasts cont The _ are stacks of up to 100 disc-like structures called _. Within the _ is the photosynthetic pigment called _. Some _ have _ extensions that join up with _ in adjacent _. The _ are where the _ stage of photosynthesis (_ _) takes place. |
grana / thylakoids. / thylakoids / chlorophyll. / thylakoids / tubular / thylakoids / grana. / grana / first / (light absorption) |
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Chloroplasts cont
The _ is a _-filled matrix where the _ stage of photosynthesis (_ of _) takes place. Within the _ are a number of other structures, such as _ _. Chloroplasts have _ and may have evolved from free-living _ cells, but they are _, not _. |
stroma / fluid- / second / (synthesis / sugars) / stroma / starch grains. DNA / prokaryotic / organelles, / cells. |
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Chloroplasts are adapted to their function of _ _ and carrying out _ in the following ways: The granal membranes provide a _ _ _ for the attachment of _, _ _, and _ that carry out the _ stage of photosynthesis. These chemicals are attached to the _ in a _ _ fashion. |
harvesting sunlight / photosynthesis large surface area / chlorophyll, electron carriers, / enzymes / first / membrane / highly ordered |
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Chloroplasts are adapted to their function of _ _ and carrying out _ in the following ways: The fluid of the stroma possesses all the _ needed to make _ in the _ stage of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain both DNA and ribosomes so they can quickly and easily _ some of the _ needed for photosynthesis. |
harvesting sunlight / photosynthesis enzymes / sugars / second manufacture / proteins |
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The _ _ (_) is an elaborate, 3-D system of sheet-like membranes, spreading through the cytoplasm of the cells. It is continuous with the _ _ _. The membranes enclose a network of _ and _ _ called _. There are two types of ER: _ _ _ (_) and _ _ _ (_). |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) / outer nuclear membrane. / tubules / flattened sacs / cisternae. rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) / smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). |
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RER has _ present on the _ _ of the membranes. Its functions are to: a) provide a _ _ _ for the synthesis of _ and _. b) provide a _ for the transport of materials, especially _, throughout the cell. |
ribosomes / outer surfaces large surface area / proteins / glycoproteins. pathway / proteins, |
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SER lacks _ on its _ and is often more _ in appearance. Its functions are to: a) synthesise, store and transport _. b) synthesise, store and transport _. |
ribosomes / surface / tubular lipids. carbohydrates. |
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Cells that manufacture and store large quantities of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids have a very extensive _. Such cells include _ and _ cells, for example the _ cells that line the _. |
ER. / liver / secretory / epithelial / intestines. |
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The _ _ occurs in almost all _ cells and is similar to the SER in structure except that it is more _. It consists of a stock of membranes that make up _ _, or _, with small hollow structures called _. The _ and _ produced by the ER are passed through the _ _ in strict _. The _ modifies these proteins often adding _-_ components, such as _, to them. It also _ them, allowing them to be accurately _ and _ to their correct _. |
Golgi apparatus / eukaryotic / compact. / flattened sacs, / cisternae, / vesicles. / proteins / lipids / Golgi apparatus / sequence. / Golgi / non-protein / carbohydrate, / 'labels' / sorted / sent / destinations. |
