Unit 3 Vocabulary Of Prentice Hall Biology

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Organ System

Back 1

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

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Organ

Back 2

group of tissues that work together to perform closely related fuctions

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Cell Specialization

Back 3

the process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks

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Exocytosis

Back 4

process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

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Pinocytosis

Back 5

process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment

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Phagocytosis

Back 6

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell

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Endocytosis

Back 7

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

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Active Transport

Back 8

energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

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Facilitated Diffusion

Back 9

movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

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Hypotonic

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when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

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Hypertonic

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when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

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Isotonic

Back 12

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

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Equilibrium

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when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution

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Concentration

Back 14

the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume

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Lipid Bilayer

Back 15

double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes

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Cell Wall

Back 16

strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria

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Cell Membrane

Back 17

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

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Centriole

Back 18

one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

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Chloroplast

Back 19

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

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Mitochondrion

Back 20

cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

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Vacuole

Back 21

cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

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Lysosome

Back 22

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

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Golgi Apparatus

Back 23

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 24

internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified

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Ribosome

Back 25

small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein

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Nucleolus

Back 26

small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins

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Chromosome

Back 27

threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next

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Chromatin

Back 28

granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

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Nuclear Envelope

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layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

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Cytoplasm

Back 30

material inside the cell membrane—not including the nucleus

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Organelle

Back 31

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

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Calvin Cycle

Back 32

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

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ATP Synthase

Back 33

large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

Front 34

Light-Dependent Reactions

Back 34

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

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NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)

Back 35

one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

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Stroma

Back 36

region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts

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Photosystem

Back 37

light-collecting units of the chloroplast

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Thylakoid

Back 38

saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts

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Chlorophyll

Back 39

principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy

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Photosynthsis

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process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 41

one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy

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Heterotroph

Back 42

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

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Autotroph

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organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer

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Electron Transport Chain

Back 44

a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP

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Krebs Cycle

Back 45

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

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Aerobic

Back 46

process that requires oxygen

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Anaerobic

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process that does not require oxygen

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Fermentation

Back 48

process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

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NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

Back 49

electron carrier involved in glycolysis

Front 50

Cellular Respiration

Back 50

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

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Glycolysis

Back 51

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

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Calorie

Back 52

amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

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Cancer

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disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth

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Cyclin

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one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

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Telophase

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fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material

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Anaphase

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the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

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Metaphase

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second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

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Spindle

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fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis

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Centriole

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one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

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Prophase

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first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

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Cell Cycle

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series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

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Interphase

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period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

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Centromere

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area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

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Chromatid

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one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome

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Cytokinesis

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division of the cytoplasm during cell division

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Mitosis

Back 66

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

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Cell Division

Back 67

process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells