Unit 3 - Reformation, Religious, Wars & National Conflicts

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Johann Tetzel

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Sold indulgences with this jingle: “When a coin in my coffer rings a soul from Purgatory springs”?

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John Calvin

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Made Geneva a haven for Protestant refugees from all over Europe. Differed from Luther over implications of predestination.

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Ulrich Zwingli vs. Martin Luther

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Zwingli claimed Eucharist not a Sacrament a view with which Luther strongly disagreed.

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Transubstantiation

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Catholic belief that bread and wine of mass literally becomes body and blood of Christ.

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Indulgences

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Sold to those who wanted relief from penance for their sins.

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Edict of Nantes 1598

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Issued by Henry IV and declared France to be Catholic but designated places where Huguenots could live. Similar to Peace of Augsburg.

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“The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women”

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Tract by John Knox against women rulers. It said in part: “To promote a woman to bear rule superiority dominion or empire above any realm nation or city is repugnant to nature; contumely [an insult] to God a thing most contrary to his revealed will and approved ordinance; and finally it is the subversion of good order of all equity and justice.”

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Treaty of Westphalia 1648

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Ended Thirty Years War and ensured Germany would remain an impotent collection of hundreds of tiny states.

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John Knox

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Scottish Reformer who called Geneva “the most perfect school of Christ that ever was in the earth since the days of the Apostles.”

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New Model Army

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The main source of Oliver Cromwell’s power as ruler of England.

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Peace of Augsburg 1555

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Decreed that each German prince could decide whether his state would be Catholic or Lutheran. Polarized Germany and set stage for Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

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Irony of the King James Version

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James I opposed Protestant beliefs generally and strongly believed in the divine right of kings to rule without interference from the people. His major concession was the new English version of the Bible a project in the spirit of Protestantism.

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Swiss Brethren

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Derided by opponents as Anabaptists (rebaptizers) because they insisted on rebaptizing adults because they considered infant baptizing unbiblical. Most literal biblical followers some supported polygamy and communal property. Mennonites Hutterites and Amish among these groups.

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Spain

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Did not support Frederick IV and the Protestant Union.

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Act of Supremacy

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Act by the English Parliament severed ties with the papacy and recognized the king as the head of England’s church.

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Anglican Church

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Under Henry VIII the Anglican Church would best be described as

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Huguenots

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French Calvinists

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Cardinal Richelieu

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Entered the Thirty Years’ War on the side of the German Protestants thereby putting French interests above his religion’s concerns

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Peter Waldo John Wyclif the Spirituals John Hus

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Reformers who challenged the authority of the papacy before Martin Luther on their reading of Scripture.

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1535 Alliance of Francis I against Hapsburgs that shocked Europe

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With Süleyman the Magnificent longest reigning Sultan of Ottoman Empire.

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Index of Prohibited Books

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Index of Prohibited Books

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Council of Trent 1545-1563

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Was responsible for defining the faith and practice of the post-Reformation Catholic Church and set the path of the Catholic Church to the 20th century and even today. It condemned the Protestant “heresies” rejected “faith alone” and idea that Bible was sole source of Christian teachings; endorsed good works Indulgences

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“good works”

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Catholics believed that the motive for moral striving would be eliminated by the Calvinist belief that people could not earn salvation through good works.

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Henry of Navarre

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Allegedly said “Paris is worth a mass” because he was a Protestant however Henry became a nominal Catholic in order to be crowned king of France.

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Michael Servetus

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Burned at the stake for his opposition to Calvin.

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Calvinist

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Also known as Reform congregations followed what they believed as custom of early Christians.

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Inquisition

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Papal court designed to hunt down heretics.

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Society of Jesus

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Religious order of the Jesuits dedicated to serving papacy and winning converts.

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Catholic

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Literally means universal.

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Archduke Ferdinand

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Imposed Catholicism on the Bohemians an act that led to the Thirty Years’ War.

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Counter Reformation vs. Catholic Reformation

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More accurately the “Catholic Reformation” as it began with church reform movements pre-Martin Luther.

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“Renaissance Popes”

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Popes such as Nicholas V and Julius II who were more concerned with worldly power than piety.

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Role of Ancient Texts

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Like leaders of Renaissance supporters of Reformation hoped Western civilization could be restored through the study of ancient texts.

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95 Theses

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Posted by Luther in order to promote a scholarly debate.

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Erasmus

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The scholar who unintentionally contributed to the Protestant Reformation through his Biblical studies. He expected peaceful correction of religious abuses. Like Martin Luther he did not foresee that his ideas would lead to rebellion.

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Frederick the Wise

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protected Luther when the pope attempted to silence him.

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England

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Apart from Scandinavian states the only major country to break with the papacy during the Reformation.

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Catholic League

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Formed by Maximilian of Bavaria in response to the Protestant Union supported by Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs.

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Oratory of Divine Love

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Organization founded in 1517 that showed that change had already begun in the Catholic Church before the Lutheran Reformation.

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Netherlands

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The weakest point in Philip II’s empire because cultural and religious divisions made the provinces difficult to govern

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Protestant Union

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German protestant prince formed 1608 alliance of German states backed by France England and Holland to resist re-institution of Catholic lands.