Unit 3 Psychology

Front 1

Dement and Kleitmen

Back 1

Stages of Sleep

9 participants for 61 nights slept in a sleep lab. Found a difference in REM and non-REM.

Another study used an EEG showed a stage similar to being awake (REM)

Front 2

Inouye and Kawamura

Back 2

Endogenous Pacemakers

kept animal SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei) in an organ culture separate from the brain in the dark. It was found it still had a circadian rhythm.

Front 3

Ralph

Back 3

Endogenous Pacemakers

took SCN from a mutant breed of mice which had a rhythm of 20 hours when implanted into normal mice they changed to a 20 hour cycle.

Front 4

Ballani

Back 4

Endogenous Pacemakers

measured the core body temperature of 6 new borns they showed a clear circadian rhythm.

Front 5

Siffre

Back 5

Exogenous Zeitgebers

lived in a cave for 6 months with no natural light, he said when he wanted the lights on and off. He settled into a 25 hour cycle.

Front 6

Skene et al

Back 6

Exogenous Zeitgebers

found that blind people have disrupted sleep/wake cycle. They may also take day naps.

Front 7

Folkard

Back 7

Exogenous Zeitgebers

He told people they would be in a 24 hour cycle when deprived of natural light. He then manipulated it so it was 22 hours. 11 out of 12 showed they could not sleep properly.

Front 8

Sack

Back 8

Exogenous Zeitgebers

studied 7 blind people and either gave them a placebo or 10mg of melatonin for 3-9 weeks 6/7 changed to a 24 hour cycle.

Front 9

Russell

Back 9

Infradian Rhythms

took sweat from a women and dissolved it in alcohol, then rubbed it under the nose of other women. They began to become synchronised in menstruation cycles.

Front 10

Recht

Back 10

Jet Lag

19 baseball teams were followed, when travelling east to west they won 44% when travelling west to east they won 34%.

Front 11

Rafnsson

Back 11

Jet Lag

looked at 1500 flight attendants who had travelled over 5 years. They had doubled their chance of breast cancer.

Front 12

Kojo

Back 12

Jet Lag

Looked at breast cancer in flight attendants, 27 had it and 517 didn't. There was no evidence linking the two.

Front 13

Filipski

Back 13

Jet Lag

Recreated the effects of jet lag in mice by repeatedly phase advancing them. desynchronised animals showed increased rate of tumour growth.

Front 14

Blask

Back 14

Jet Lag

Xenografted rats with breast cancer tissue then put human blood in the night into rats and in the day. The night blood had a higher metabolism slowing the cancer down. The day blood didn't have an affect as it had low melatonin.

Front 15

Schernhammer

Back 15

Shift Work

looked at 78000 US nurses, there was a correlation between the years doing shift work and the risk of breast cancer.

Front 16

Czeisler

Back 16

Shift Work

looked at a Utah chemical plant that had a backward rotating 7 day shift, this was changed to a forward rotating 21 day shift. Productivity increased, there was less sleeping problems and the stress decreased.

Did another study, where shift workers were either exposed to normal light, or, really dark sleep and really light work. The workers with the exaggerated light adjusted quicker.

Front 17

Knutsson

Back 17

Shift Work

found that night shift work increased the rids of heart attacks by 30% in workers aged 16-20.

Front 18

Kubo

Back 18

Shift Work

looked at 14052 Japanese workers and controlled for lifestyle factors. Those that did night shifts were 4 times as likely to get prostate cancer.

Front 19

Schwartzbaum

Back 19

Shift Work

compared the incidence of cancer in people that worked over 40% shifts and people under 30%. The research found no relationship.

Front 20

Tynjala

Back 20

Life Span

surveyed 11-16 year olds from 11 European countries, 40000 children responded. Israeli children slept for 8.5 hours and Swiss children slept for 9.5 hours.

Front 21

Ohayon

Back 21

Life Span

did a meta-review of 65 studies of sleeping patterns aged 5-102. newborns slept for 17 hours with 25% REM and 24% non-REM. At 70 they slept 6 hours with 19% REM and 9% non-REM.

Front 22

Armstrong

Back 22

Life Span

did a parent survey of over 3000 in Australia. regular sleep patterns were not seen until 4 months and 89% of babies under 3 months had daytime naps.

Front 23

Van Cauter

Back 23

Life Span

studied 149 males aged 16-83 for 14 years. There was a reduction in slow wave which is associated with growth hormones. It may be related to muscle mass and obesity in age.

Front 24

Foley

Back 24

Life Span

found that older adults are more likely to take day naps, this was associated with depression.

Front 25

Wolfsson and Carskadon

Back 25

Life Span

surveyed 3000 high school students in the US aged 16-18, there average sleep was 7.3. Those that slept earlier and for longer got better grades.

Front 26

Turner

Back 26

Memory Consolidation

found that 4 days with only 26 minutes sleep per night reduced memory performance to 38%.

Front 27

Zepelin and Rechtshaffen

Back 27

Evolutionary

found a negative correlation between the animals body size and how much they sleep. Mice 20 hours and elephants 4 hours.

Front 28

Allison and Cicchetti

Back 28

Evolutionary

found a negative correlation between risk of predation and sleep in 39 species.

Front 29

Peter Tripp and Randy Gardner

Back 29

Restoration

didn't sleep for 9/11 hours and found that there were no long term effects but they had shorty term problems like hallucinations and lack of concentration and slurred speech.

Front 30

Dement

Back 30

Restoration

deprived volunteers of REM sleep by waking them every time they went into it. On the 7th night they had to be woken 26 times. This shows the brain trying to make up for it.

Front 31

Rechtshaffen

Back 31

Restoration

deprived rats of sleep by placing them on a table in water, when they slept they were woken and if this didn't work they were put in the water. All rats died between 13 and 21 days. They lost weight even though they ate more.

Front 32

Horne

Back 32

Restoration

Distinguished between stages 1-3 and 4-5 of sleep he said people only need 5 hours sleep. He compared those that slept 4 hours, 6 hours or 7.5 hours. Those that slept 4 had minor memory impairments but little else difference.

Front 33

Nofzinger

Back 33

Insomnia

did PET scans on whilst people with primary insomnia were falling asleep, the onset of sleep was not as prominent.

Front 34

Vgontzas

Back 34

Insomnia

Found that insomnia correlated positively with ACTH and cortisol.

Front 35

Watson

Back 35

Insomnia

studied over 1000 monozygotic and 800 dizygotic twins where one twin had insomnia. Watson concluded that up to 50% of variance in insomnia may be genetic.

Front 36

Katz

Back 36

Insomnia

surveyed over 3500 people with chronic conditions (heart conditions or diabetes). Over half reported symptoms of Insomnia.

Front 37

Gregory

Back 37

Insomnia

conducted a longitudinal study of 1000 children born in New Zealand. Family conflict in childhood was correlated to insomnia at 18 years old.

Front 38

Bassett

Back 38

Sleep Walking

found an increase in activity in the areas of the brain that regulate emotion and a decrease in areas that regulate behaviour.

Front 39

Zandra

Back 39

Sleep Walking

studied 40 sleep walkers in a sleep lab, On their first night 50% showed sleep walking. After 25 hours of deprivation, 90% showed sleep walking.

Front 40

Bawkin

Back 40

Sleep Walking

studied 19 monozygotic twins and 14 dizygotic twins. There was 47% concordance in MZ and 7% concordance in DZ in sleep walking.

Front 41

Lin

Back 41

Narcolepsy

found dogs with narcolepsy had a defect on chromosome 12.

Front 42

Arii

Back 42

Narcolepsy

did a case of narcolepsy on a girl after brain surgery. She developed narcolepsy and they found hypercretin in her cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 43

Nashino

Back 43

Narcolepsy

found the concordance in MZ twins for narcolepsy was only 30%.

Front 44

Baldassani

Back 44

Sleep Apnoea

found that when enlarged tonsils were removed sleep apnoea reduced from 40 episodes to 5 episodes.