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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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defenition of digestion
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breaking down nutrients into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used
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defenition of absorption
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small molecules transported from digestive cavity to animal’s circulatory system
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defenition of bolus
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chewed food and saliva
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defenition of Chyme
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mixture of gastric juices and partly digested food
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defenition of peristalsis
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rhythmic contractions (pushes food down)
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defention of villi
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"carpet", apperance on surface of folds
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defenition of microvilli
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brush border- on top of the villi
parts of a cell, like little cilli on plasma membrane on a cell |
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what are the 5 organic nutrient categories?
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1.Carbohydrates
2.Proteins 3.Lipids 4.Nucleic acids 5.Vitamins |
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what are the differences between carnivore and herbivore feeding/digestive system?
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Herbivores
Feed constantly Teeth for grinding Ruminants reguritate to continue chewing Longer intestines Carnivores Eat less frequently Teeth for tearing Swallow bites whole Shorter intestines |
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what are the 4 fuctions of saliva?
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1.Moisten and lubricate food
2.Dissolve food to facilitate tasting 3.Kill bacteria 4.Begin digestion of carbohydrates - amylase |
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what are the 4 types of teeth in humans? how many of each?
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Incisors (8)
Canines (4) Pre-molars (8) Molars (12) |
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What is the pH range in the stomach?
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1
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what is the purpose of this pH?
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kill bacteria
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what is the total surace area of small intestine/
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tennis court (300 meters squared)
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Large intestine is how many feet long ?
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4.5 feet
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small intestine is how many feet long?
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18 feet
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lymph capillaries carry which digested nutrients?
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fat
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where in the G.I tract does charbohydrate digestion begin?
protein digestion? lipid digestion? |
C= saliva
P=pancreas L=small intestine |
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classes of organic nutrient
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polymer:
Carbohydrates= polysaccharide lipid= triglyceride protein= polypeptide monomer: C=monosaccharide L=fatty acid P= amino acid |
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function of mouth
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beginning of digestion
contains salivary glands, tounge |
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function of pharynx
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it is a tube...
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function of epiglottis
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a flap that covers the glottis when swallowing
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function of esophagus
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Tube to connect pharynx to stomach
usually collapsed |
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function of esophageal (cardiac) sphincter
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prevents the backflow of food
allows small amounts of bolus to enter stomach and not come back |
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function of stomach
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receives/stores food, holds 1 gallon, mechanical/chemical digestion, very little absorption (water, alcohol,aspirin)
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function of pyloric sphincter
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allows small amounts of food to enter small intestine, prevents forward flow
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small intestine
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Duodenum 26 cm (9.8 in)
Jejunum 2.5 m (8.2 ft) Ileum 3.5 m (11.5 ft) |
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function of duodenum
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i. FINISH DIGESTION
ii. ENZYMES, BILE ADDED iii. * NUTRALIZES THE Ph* |
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fuction of large intestine
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Absorbs water, salts, and some vitamins
Stores indigestible material |
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pancreas
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Produces bicarbonate and enzymes
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function of liver
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*Detoxifies poisonous substances in blood
*Produces bile *Regulates glucose *Regulates cholesterol *Removes and stores iron and vit. A, D, E, K, and B12 |
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function of gallbladder
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store bile
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hepatic portal system
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Blood leaving
Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver cleans and regulates levels |
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Central Nervous System
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brain, spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
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carry signal from CNS to body
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Neuron
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nerve cell
transmit nerve impulses |
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dendrite
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send impulses to the cell body
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cell body
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contain nucleus and organelles
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axon
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send impulses away from the cell body
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glia
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support and nurish neurons
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myelin sheath
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insulation and nourishment
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schwann cell
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what form the myelin sheath in the PNS
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oligodendroglial cell
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what form the myelin sheath in the CNS
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where in the brain do you find grey matter?
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surface layer of brain
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where in the spinal cord would you find grey matter?
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central portion
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somatic system
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mostly under voluntray control, skeletal muscle control
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autonomic system
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involuntary control, control of organs
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sympathetic division- what occurs during the "fight or flight" response?
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Increases heart rate
Increases blood pressure Dilates bronchi (opens airway) Inhibits the digestive tract Dilates pupils of eye Raises blood glucose level |
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parasympathetic division- what occurs during the "rest and digest" response?
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Decreases heart rate
Lowers blood pressure Constricts bronchi Promotes digestion Pupils of the eye contract |
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cerebrum
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Two cerebral hemispheres
Divided by longitudinal fissure Connected by corpus callosum Cerebral cortex: thin layer of gray matter sensation, voluntary movement, and conscious thought |
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frontal lobe
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associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement,emotions,problem solving
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parietal lobe
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associated with movement, orientation, recognition, preception of stimuli
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occipital lobe
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associated with visual processing
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temporal lobe
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associated with preception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech
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cerebellum
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Receives sensory & motor input
Integrates information Sends impulses to skeletal muscles Compares actual movements with intended Assure smooth, coordinated movements |
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dienchephalon
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Thalamus + Hypothalamus
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thalamus
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Sensory relay center
Arousal of cerebrum (wakes you from sleep) Memory & emotions |
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hypothalamus
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homeostatic control
Controls pituitary gland |
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limbic system
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Blends emotions (fear, aggression, pleasure) with higher mental functions (reasoning, memory)
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Hippocampus
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“Seahorse”
Communicates with prefrontal area Enables memorization |
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Amygdala
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“Almond”
“Gut response” Anger, defense Avoidance, fear Controls adrenaline |
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Brain stem
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midbrain, medulla oblongata, and pons
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Medulla Oblangata
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Control center
Heart rate, breathing, blood pressure Swallowing, coughing, vomiting |
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Pons
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bridge
bundles of axons between cerebellum and CNS |
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Corpus Callosum
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connects the 2 halves of the brain
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primary motor area
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...
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primary somatosensory motor
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processing incoming information
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referred pain
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Internal pain also perceived as skin pain
“Crossed wires” in spinal cord (probably) Examples: pain in left arm and shoulder |
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audition
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hearing
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olfaction
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smell
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gustation
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taste
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sensory transduction
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(conversion to electrical)
Energy from a chemical or physical stimulus is converted into an electrical signal (nerve impulse) Stronger the stimulus, more frequent impulses Brain interprets the electrical signal |
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tympanic membrane
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ear drum
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malleus
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hammer
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incus
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anvil
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stapes
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stirrup
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cochlea
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Fluid vibrations travel through
contains Organ of Corti |
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organ of corti
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in the cochlea
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lens
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Focuses light rays onto the retina
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iris
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Regulates the size of the pupil
Colored portion of eye |
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pupil
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..
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retina
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..
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fovea
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where cones are concentrated
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blind spot
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where octive nerve leaves the eyes
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charactersitics of rods
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Very sensitive to light (low levels)
Visual pigment is rhodopsin Functions: peripheral vision perception of motion Night vision (black & white) |
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characteristics of cones
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Activated by bright light
Visual pigment is iodopsin Blue, green, red pigments Allow for color perception |
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olfactory bulb
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....
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how many types of olfactory receptors?
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10,000 different receptors
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how many types of taste buds?
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4
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taste buds
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...
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Osteocyte
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bone cells- live cells inside matrix
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Remodoling
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change bone thickness- affected by hormones and physical use
takes 3 weeks to heal |
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compact bone
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organized yellow bone marrow
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spongy bone
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unorgnized red bone marrow
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cartilage
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not as strong as bone, no vessels, flexible
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ligament
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connects bone to bone
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tendon
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coonnects muscle to bone
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origin
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bone that is stationary
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insertion
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bone that moves
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muscle fiber
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skeletal muscle cells
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acetylcholine
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axon contains (ACH) and as nerve impulses reach endoaxon ACH is released
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atrophy
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inactivity decreases muscle size
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hypertrophy
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prolonged use increases muscle size
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slow oxidative fibers
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"red muscle" endurance ATP produced aerobically
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fast glycolytic fibers
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"white muscle" designed for maximum strength, short, rapid , explosive power
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what are the 5 functions of the skeleton?
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Structural support (legs & pelvic girdle)
Protection of soft body parts (skull & rib cage) Production of blood cells (spongy bone) Storage of minerals (Ca2+, PO42-) and fat Locomotion (flexible body movement) |
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what are the 4 joint types?
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1. fused
2. pivot 3. hinge 4. ball and socket |
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what is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone?
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hyoid bone
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how many cervical vertebrae? thoracic? lumbar?
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c=7
t=12 l= 5 |
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sarcomere structure
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reference picture
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steps of muscle contraction
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1.Nerve signal to muscle
2.Calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum 3.Ca2+ moves tropomyosin 4.Active site of actin opens 5.Myosin pulls actin 6.Actin filaments slide closer together 7.Sarcomere shortens |
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sliding filament mechanism
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Calcium binds to Troponin (purple)
Troponin changes shape and moves Tropomyosin (tan) Active sites of actin molecules (red) are opened Myosin immediately binds to Actin and pulls ATP required to reset myosin into ready position |
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List of bones
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1.skull
2.clavicle 3.scapula 4.sternum 5.rib 6.humerous 7.vertebra (lower back area) 8.radius 9. ulna etc. |
