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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Differentiate between the pulmonary and systemic circuits connected to the heart |
- pulmonary circuit: carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of the lungs (deoxygenated blood from right side) - systemic circuit: carries blood to and from the body (oxygenated blood from the left side) |
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What is the Superficial Anatomy of the heart |
-Located directly behind sternum -great veins and arteries at the base -pointed tip is the apex -surrounded by pericardial sac between 2 pleural cavities in the mediastinum |
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What are the 3 layers of the heart wall |
- epicardium (outer layer): visceral pericardial covers the heart - myocardium (middle layer): muscular wall of the heart - endocardium (inner layer) |
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Flow of blood through the heart |
- starts by coming in through superior and inferior vena cava - to the right atrium - through tricuspid (right AV) valve - to the right ventricle - through the pulmonary semilunar valve - through the pulmonary trunk - to right and left pulmonary arteries - to the lungs - back through right and left pulmonary veins - to the left atrium - through the bicuspid/mitral valve - to the left ventricle - through aortic semilunar valve - through aorta (ascending, arch, descending) - to systemic circuit |
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Difference between the foramen ovale and the fossa ovalis |
- foramen ovale: before birth it is an opening through the interatrial septum that connects the 2 atria - fossa ovalis: foramen ovale seals off at birth, forming the fossa ovalis |
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Compare the anatomy, location, and functionalityof the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves |
AV valves - anatomy: has 3 cusps, papillary muscles tense chordae tendineae to prevent from swinging into the atria - location: between the atria and ventricles - functionality: blood pressure closes valve clasps during ventricular contraction, prevents backflow (regurgitation) SL valves - anatomy: 3 cusps support like a tripod, no muscular support (papillary, chordae tendineae) - location: between ventricles and aorta and pulmonary trunk - functionality: prevents backflow from pulmonary trunk and aorta into ventricles |
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Compare the anatomy of the atrium versus the ventricles |
Atrium - thin walled - expandable outer auricle Ventricles - thicker walls - pouch and round shapes |
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Difference between the left and right ventricles |
- right ventricle wall is thinner and it develops less pressure than the left ventricle - right ventricle is pouch shaped whole the left is round |
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5 functions of the fibrous skeleton |
- physically supports cardiac muscle fibers - distribute forces of contraction - add strength and prevent overexpansion of the heart - elastic fibers return heart to original shape after contraction - elastically insulate ventricular cells from atrial cells |
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Role of the coronary sinus |
- Collects a majority of cardiac venous blood - recieves blood from the myocardium and facilitates movement of the blood into the right atrium |
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What do other coronary vessels do |
Supply blood for only the heart |
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Function of pacemaker cells |
Produce electrical impulses that regulates regulates contractions of all the cardiac cells |
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Bradycardia and tachycardia |
Bradycardia - abnormally slow heart rate (below 50-60 bpm) Tachycardia - abnormally fast resting heart rate (above 100 bpm) |
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What are the three waves on an EKG and what do they show |
- p wave: atria depolarize - qrs complex: ventricles depolarize and artia repolarize - t wave: ventricles repolarize |
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Events of action potential in cardiac muscle |
- rapid depolarization as the voltage regulated sodium channels (fast channels) open - as sodium channels close, voltage gated calcium channels (slow channels) open releasing calcium from the SR - balance sodium ions are pumped out and holds the membrane at a 0 mV plateu - repolarization as the plateu continues - slow calcium channels close, followed by slow potassium channels opening - rapid repolarization restores the resting potential |
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Define systole and diastole and how the affect blood pressure in the heart |
Systole: contraction Diastole: relaxation - blood pressure rises during systole and falls during diastole |
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Normal heart rate |
75 bpm |
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How to calculate heart rate based on length of cardiac cycle |
- Take 60 (seconds) and divide it by the heart rate to get length of cardiac cycle - Take 60 (seconds) and divide it by the heart rate to get length of cardiac cycle- multiply cardiac cycle length by 60 to get bpm - multiply cardiac cycle length by 60 to get bpm |
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Relate heart sounds (S1 and S2) to the specific events happening |
S1: closure of both AV valves S2: closure of both SL valves |
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Explain when atrial and ventricular systole and doastole occur and how this relates to pressure changes in the heart and blood movement |
Atrial systole: - when atrial contraction begins - atrial pressure increases causing the right and left AV valves to open and allowing blood to move through to the ventricles Ventricular systole - isovolumetric ventricular contraction (all valves are shut) - pressure in the ventricles rise and AV and SL valves shut Ventricular diastole - when ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure and all heart valves are closed - ventricles relax (isovolumetric relaxation) - pressure drops rapidly so elasticity of connective tissue and the fibrous skeleton reexpand the ventricles |
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Isovolumetric contraction and relaxation and where do they occur in the cardiac cycle |
- isovolumetric contraction: causes all valves to close when ventricles contract, occurs during ventricular systole - isovolumetric relaxation: ventricles relax, occurs during ventricular diastole |
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Stroke volume and where does it occur in the cardiac cycle |
The volume in mL of blood ejected by the heart per 1 heartbeat Occurs during ventricular ejection (in ventricular systole) |
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End diastolic volume (EDV) and where does it occur in the cardiac cycle |
The maximum volume of blood a portion of the heart can hold Occurs when atrial systole comes to an end |
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End systolic volume (ESV) and where does it occur during the cardiac cycle |
An "empty" heart but there is still leftovers Occurs during ventricular systole after ventricular ejection when the ventricular pressure falls |
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How does blood move from the atria to the ventricles |
- Atria eject blood into the ventricles, filling the ventricles (only 30% of blood comes from this) - the other 70% is through passive filling (gravity pulling the blood down or venous return) |
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Why is a high systolic or diastolic blood pressure bad |
There is less time to eject blood so there is less O2 and CO2 exchange happening. This increases heart rate, and makes time for ventricular systole less since building pressure takes a set amount of time - systolic: high pressure can travel into capillaries with are simple squamous and can burst easily - diastolic: there is less time to eject blood during ventricular systole |
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How and why is cardiac muscle dependent upon cellular respiration for ATP |
- gets energy from the mitochondrial breakdown of fatty acids and glucose and O2 from circulating hemoglobin - cardiac muscle stores the O2 in myoglobin so it stays in aerobic respiration the whole time - this is so there is no lactic acid being produced from glycolysis |
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Calculate cardiac output (with EDV, ESV, SV, and/or HR) |
Stroke volume = end diastolic volume- end systolic volume Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate |
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How is cardiac output affected by factors that change HR, EDV, and ESV |
HR: as heart rate goes up or down, cardiac output does the same EDV: if EDV goes up or down, cardiac output does the same - if filling time goes up or down, EDV does the same - if venous return goes up or down, EDV does the same - if preload goes up of down, EDV does the same ESV: if ESV goes up, cardiac output goes down. If ESV goes down, cardiac output goes up - if preload goes up or down, ESV does the opposite - if contractillity goes up or down, ESV does the opposite - if afterload goes up or down, ESV does the same |
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Correlate events of an EKG to atrial systole and diastole |
- P wave: depolarization of atrial contractile cells causing atrial contractile (systole)- QRS complex: depolarization of ventricular contractile cells causing ventricle contraction (systole) and at the same time atrial repolarization is making the atria relax (diastole)- T wave: repolarization of ventricular contractile cell causing relaxation (diastole) |
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Pathway of action potential through the heart |
- SA node generates action potential - AV node - Bundle of HIS - right and left bundle branches - Purkinje fibers |
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Explain why the AV node delays action potential |
- important because it allows the atria to contract before the ventricles do - otherwise contraction of the ventricles would close the AV valves and prevent blood flow from the atria into the ventricles |
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Describe when AV and SL valves open and close and how this change relates to pressure changes in the chambers and great vessels |
- AV valves close after atrial systole ends, increases the pressure in the ventricles - SL valves open as ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in arteries, increases pressure of ventricles - SL valves close after ventricular ejection occurs, increases pressure in the aorta and the pulmonary trunk - AV valves open after isovolumetric relaxation occurs, builds pressure in the atria |
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Correlate the changes in ventricular volume to ventricular systole and diastole as well as changes changes in valves opening and closing |
- during the first part of ventricular systole, there is just enough pressure to close the AV valves but not enough to open SL valves - during the second part ventricular volume rises and exceeds the pressure in the arteries, causing the SL valves to open, eject blood, and release pressure from ventricles - during ventricular diastole, pressure in ventricles drops and blood flows back and closes SL valves - all chambers then relax and blood fills the ventricles passively |
