Unit 3 Biol 171 Uh Manoa - Chapter 20 Biotechnology

Front 1

Manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products

Back 1

Biotechnology

Front 2

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Back 2

Genetic Engineering

Front 3

DNA molecules formed by cloning DNA segments from 2 different sources

Back 3

Recombinant DNA

Front 4

Small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome.

Back 4

Plasmids

Front 5

Recognize and cut specific sections of DNA

Back 5

Restriction enzymes

Front 6

The specific site/sequence of DNA at which restriction enzymes cut

Back 6

Restriction sites

Front 7

results of many cuts of DNA by restriction enzymes

Back 7

Restriction fragments

Front 8

Restriction enzymes cut DNA on each fragment creating 2 ________, which can bind complementary DNA strands.

Back 8

Sticky ends

Front 9

ampR

Back 9

Ampicilin resistance gene, bacteria stays alive signifying re-uptake of some plasmid.

Front 10

lacZ gene

Back 10

enzyme that breaks down lactose that has the restriction site at its center

Front 11

collection of recombinant clones produced from DNA fragments from an entire genome

Back 11

genome library

Front 12

cloning DNA in vitro by reverse transcription of all mRNA produced by a cell, doest represent a whole genome, just transcribed genes

Back 12

complementary DNA (cDNA)

Front 13

Three step cycle heating, cooling, and replicating target segments of DNA molecules.

Back 13

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Front 14

Heat resistance enzyme used in PCR

Back 14

Taq Polymerase

Front 15

Machine used in PCR to rapidly heat and cool DNA segments

Back 15

thermocycler

Front 16

A technique that uses a gel as a sieve to separate nucleic acids or proteins by size, electrical charge, and other properties

Back 16

Gel Electrophoresis

Front 17

DNA fragments produced by a restriction enzyme (restriction fragments) digestion of a DNA molecule are sorted by gel electrophoresis

Back 17

Restriction Fragment Analysis

Front 18

Differences within a population of restriction sites between 2 DNA segments (e.g. alleles)

Back 18

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)

Front 19

A version of PCR where modified version of fluorescent tagged nucleotides are incorporated into and terminate synthesized DNA strands.

Back 19

dideoxyribonucleotides (ddNTP) analysis

Front 20

A technique using a single template strand that is immobilized and amplified to produce an enormous (thousands to hundreds of thousands) number of identical fragments.

Back 20

Next-Generation Sequencing

Front 21

1. Genome fragmented

2. Each fragment isolated with a bead

3. Using PCR, 10^6 copies of each fragment made each attached to bead at 5' end

4. Bead place into well with DNA polymerase and primers

5. Solution of each of the 4 nucleotides added to all wells and washed off

6. If nucleotide join strands, PP released, solution flashes.

Back 21

Next-Generation Sequencing

Front 22

Individual strands of nucleic acids used to capture complementary strands of DNA or RNA and thereby indicate their presence in a sample

Back 22

Nucleic Acid Hybridization - probes

Front 23

Using probes for mRNA ________ can measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time.

Back 23

DNA micro assays

Front 24

_________ uses fluorescent dyes attached to probes to identify the location of mRNAs in place of an in tact organism.

Back 24

In situ hybridization

Front 25

Genetic regions used to identify gene profiles

Back 25

Short tandem repeats (STR's)

Front 26

Two techniques used to amplify then compare STR's of different lengths are__________.

Back 26

PCR and gel electrophoresis

Front 27

Moving the nucleus from a donor cell (taken from an individual that you want to clone) to a recipient cell (a cell from a host that will allow the cell to grow).

Back 27

Nuclear transplantation

Front 28

a relatively unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types

Back 28

Stem cells

Front 29

stem cells from early embryos capable from differentiating into many cell types

Back 29

pluripotent cells

Front 30

How are skin cells used for stem cells?

Back 30

Skin cells are harvested, and transformed into iPS (induced pluripotent cells) by using a virus to introducing stem cell master regulatory genes

Front 31

the alteration of an afflicted individual's genes.

Back 31

Gene therapy

Front 32

______ are used for delivery of genes into specific types of cells, for example bone marrow

Back 32

Vectors (eg. virus)

Front 33

animals made by introducing genes from one species into another.

Back 33

Transgenic animals

Front 34

These animals can serve as pharmaceutical "factories" producing difficult substances to obtain for medical use (e.g. proteins expressed in goat milk)

Back 34

Transgenic animals

Front 35

The most commonly used plasmid for introducing new genes to plant cells

Back 35

Ti plamsid