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40 Cards in this Set
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Triple Alliance |
alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria |
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Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty |
This was created to restore German relations with Russia. It was created because Russia refused to renew its membership in the alliance of the three emperors. Bismarck negotiated it and both powers promised to remain neutral if either was attacked. It was ended in 1890 when Emperor William dismissed Bismarck because of Bismarck's friendly policy towards Russia. |
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Triple Entente |
alliance consisting of France, Great Britain, and Russia |
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Pan-Slavism |
vision of a vast European Slavic state that would span from poland to the ukraine. it never happened but the idea became an important idea was an important political factor inn later Europe. It was then a tool Russia used to harass their enemies |
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First Balkan Crisis (Bosnian Crisis) |
Austria annexed bosnia and Herzegovina angering the serbs and Russians; William II forced Russia to accept annexes or face war with Germany |
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First Balkan War, 1912 |
pitted the Balkan League (Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria) against the Ottoman Empire. The combined armies of the Balkan states overcame the strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies, victorious. As a result, almost all remaining European territories of the Ottoman Empire were captured and partitioned among the allies. Ensuing events also led to the creation of an independent Albanian state. Bulgaria was dissatisfied with the peace settlement and started a Second Balkan War against its former allies. |
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second Balkan war 1913 |
was fought in 1913 between Bulgaria on one side and its First Balkan War allies Greece and Serbia on the other side, with Romania and the Ottoman Empire intervening against Bulgaria. The outcome turned Serbia, an ally of the Russian Empire, into an important regional power, alarming Austria-Hungary and thereby indirectly providing an important cause for World War I. |
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
his murder by Serbia began WW1 |
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The Black Hand |
Serbian terrorist group responsible for the murder of Franz Ferdinand |
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Kaiser Wilhelm II |
was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe. |
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"blank check" |
Germany agreed to fiscally support Austria- Hungary in the event of war with Serbia. This could be seen as Germany wishing to provoke war between the two states causing WWI. |
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Central Powers |
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire |
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Allied Powers |
Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Belgium, and US; won WW1 |
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Western Front |
In WWI, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other. |
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Schlieffen Plan |
German war plan in First World War, developed by Prussian General. In the likely event of war with Russia, Germany would first launch a devastating offensive against France via neutral Belgium, to take France out of the war, because allied Russia and France surrounded Germany. It was later modified to send some divisions to the eastern frontier too. |
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Battle of the Marne |
counterattack toward Schlieffen plan along the Marne River, forced the German Army to retreat and abandon its push to take Paris |
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Trench warfare |
war from inside trenches enemies would try killing each other with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas |
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Battle of Verdun |
one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war that the Germans came extremely close to winning until the French received support from the British who helped managed to prevent German infiltration but only after a resulting 750,000 casualties |
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Battle of Somme |
A major British offensive that began on July 1, 1916 in northern France. It lasted five months with only a few kilometers of territory captured by the Allies. The Newfoundland regiment took part in the battle on the first day and had 90% casualties- the highest of any Allied battalion. In September, the British used the tank for the first time in the history of warfare. There were some 1.25 million casualties suffered altogether on both sides. |
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all quiet on the western front |
(1929) a novel written by Erich Maria Remarque illustrating the horrors of World War I and the experiences of veterans and soldiers. It was extremely popular, but also caused a lot of political controversy when it was first published, and was banned in Germany in the 1930's. |
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eastern front |
Name given to the fighting on the German-Russian, Austro-Russian and Austro-Romanian fronts. |
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general Hindenburg |
A German General during the First World War, he was a seasoned veteran and was sent to the Eastern Front, where he won several victories over the Russians. He was seen as the Savior of East Prussia, and became the Chief of Staff of the Army in 1916, and with military support he and Ludendorff formed the Third Supreme Command, a military-industrial dictatorship, which held power until September 1918. |
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general Ludendorf |
A German General during the First World War, he worked on the Schlieffen Plan. At the outbreak of the war he was appointed Chief of Staff in East Prussia, and with Hindenburg became a leader of the Third Supreme Command. He gradually became the dominant figure and by July 1917 had effective political, military and economic control of Germany. When he realized that Germany would lose the war, he transferred power to the Reichstag, and was forced to resign. |
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk |
Vladimir Lenin, after the Bolshevik Revolution, took Russia out |
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Gallipoli Campaign |
Effort to take Dardanalles straight. By may it had turned into another bloody stalemate. Both sides dug trenches. By December the Allies gave up, they had suffered 25,000 casualties. |
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T E Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) |
(Lawrence of Arabia) colonel who led Britain to help the Arabs overthrow the Ottoman Empire. Known as a "romantic" hero, because after he led these attacks, the Middle East was under control of the Allies. |
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British Naval Blockade |
Effectively prevented Germany from importing goods through their Baltic Sea ports |
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u-boats |
German submarines used in World War I |
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Lusitania |
American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats; made America consider entering WWI |
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Unrestricted submarine warfare |
A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters |
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Zimmerman Telegram |
March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's proximity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico. |
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Balfour Note |
In 1917,a British declaration (made by the British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour) that stated that Britain favored a "National Home for the Jewish People" in Palestine, but without prejudicing the existing rights of non-Jewish communities there, or the political rights of Jews in other countries. There were conflicting reactions to this declaration: while most Zionist Jews approved, some felt that it was not specific enough, while Palestinian Arabs were not pleased. |
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Woodrow Wilson |
28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize |
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Fourteen Points |
the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a League of Nations |
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self-determination |
Point 10 of Wilson's 14 points, which would redraw the frontiers of Eastern Europe so races/nations ruled themselves. It was achieved for some countries (Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, were made nations or nation-states.) However, members of the losing side of the war were not allowed self-determination, nor were colonies |
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Paris Peace Conference 1919 |
The peace conference that decided the terms of WWI peace and Treaty of Versailles. Excluded Germany. |
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Big Four |
Woodrow Wilson (US president), Georges Clemenceau (French premier), David Lloyd George (British prime minister), Vittorio Orlando (Italian prime minister) |
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Versailles Treaty |
The compromise after WW1, settled land and freedom disputes. Germany had to take full blame for the war in order for the treaty to pass, among other things. The US Senate rejected it. |
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article 231 |
This was the "war-guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles that placed total responsibility for World War I on Germany. |
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League of Nations |
An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. Although suggested by Woodrow Wilson, the United States never joined and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed |
