Unit 22 Ap Euro

Front 1

Crimean War

Back 1

resulted from the rivalry between the Ottoman Empire and Russia. France and Britain fought against Russia. Russia was defeated and lost territory. This war shattered the Concert of Europe.

Front 2

Florence Nightingale

Back 2

British nurse who became a pioneer in modern nursing

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Front 3

Alexander II

Back 3

Abolished serfdom, formed zemstevos, reformed military, repressed and "russify" Poland, "Tsar Liberator", never popular.

Front 4

Second French Empire

Back 4

created from a Romantic Nationalism created in a plebiscite,

Front 5

Napoleon III

Back 5

took control of gov in coup d'etat and became emperor, restored universal suffrage

Front 6

Realpolitik

Back 6

1850-1871; New generation of conservative leaders who were proud of being practitioners of Realpolitik, "The Politics of reality"; use of armies & power politics to achieve foreign policy goals; think of the welfare of the state above everything

Front 7

Falloux Law

Back 7

Louis Napoleon returned for control of education to the Church, minimized influence of the Legislative Assembly, supported policies favorable to army, disenfranchised many poor people from voting, destroyed democratic-socialist movement by jailing or exile

Front 8

Liberal Empire

Back 8

Napoleon set out to build, initiating a series of reforms

Front 9

Sardinia-Piedmont

Back 9

The most independent state on the Italian peninsula; supported French and British in Crimean War to gain support in Italian Unification.

Front 10

King Victor Emmanuel

Back 10

first king of unified Italy, appointed by Cavour

Front 11

Count Cavour

Back 11

Prime Minister of Piedmont; used alliance with France and military interventions to unify Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II.

Front 12

Franco-Prussian War 1870

Back 12

French defeated, Paris besieged, Napoleon III captured; Prussian victory led to proclamation of German Empire

Front 13

Erms Dispatch

Back 13

A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war, Bismark's attempt to unify Germany

Front 14

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Back 14

Also known as Austria-Hungary, or the Hapsburg Empire, as it was ruled by the Hapsburg monarchy from 1867 to 1918. Austria-Hungary extended over most of central Europe. It was composed the modern day countries of Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, as well as parts of present-day Poland, Romania, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Front 15

Magyars

Back 15

In the Compromise of 1867, they achieved the dual monarchy and separate Hungarian state they wanted.

Front 16

Sanitary Idea

Back 16

Ideas of sanitation

Front 17

Louis Pasteur, germ theory

Back 17

developed the theory that germs caused disease and used invented pasteurization

Front 18

Pasteurization

Back 18

suppressing organisms by heating a beverage

Front 19

Joseph Lister

Back 19

Reasoned the a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would "destroy the life of the floating particles"
-Also called the antiseptic principle .

Front 20

Dimitri Mendeleev

Back 20

Russian chemist who developed a periodic table of the chemical elements and predicted the discovery of several new elements (1834-1907)

Front 21

Auguste Comte

Back 21

Wrote System of Positive Philosophy
-It was largely overlooked during the romantic era, but when the political failures of 1848 completed the swing to realism, his philosophy came into its own
-Believed that by applying the scientific method, also called the positivist method, his new discipline of sociology would soon discover the eternal laws of human relations

Front 22

Positivism

Back 22

Comte believed that by applying the scientific method, also called the positivist method, his new discipline of sociology would soon discover the eternal laws of human relations

Front 23

II Risorgimento

Back 23

the political and social movement that created a unified italy from the many different states of the italian penn.

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Front 24

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Back 24

invaded Rome in an effort to unify Italy

Front 25

Zollverein

Back 25

-Modern industry grew rapidly within the German Customs Union founded in 1834 to stimulate trade and increase the revenues of the member states
-it did not include Austria
-it's tariff duties were substantially reduced so that Austria's highly protected industry could not bear to join

Front 26

Otto Von Bismark

Back 26

chancellor to Wilhelm I

Front 27

"Gap Theory"

Back 27

gained Bismark's favor with the king

Front 28

Prussian Danish 1863

Back 28

Germany and Austria defeated Denmark and took control of provinces

Front 29

Austro-Prussian War 1866

Back 29

Officially over an Austrian/Prussian disagreement of policy, but actually from Bismark's desire to rid himself of Austria, this war paved the way to German unification.

Front 30

Reichstag

Back 30

two houses that shared power equally

Front 31

Bundestag

Back 31

representatives elected by universal male suffrage

Front 32

Charles Darwin "Origins of Species"

Back 32

concluded that all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin in an unending "struggle for survival"
-He wrote On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection
-Argued that chance differences among the members of a given species help some survive while others die

Front 33

Realism

Back 33

based on the idea that literature should depict life exactly as it was

Front 34

Gustav Flaubert

Back 34

-Wrote Madame Bovary
-About a middle-class housewife who has an adulterous love affair and is betrayed by her lover
-Portrays the provincial middle class as petty, smug, and hypocritical

Front 35

Emile Zola

Back 35

supported Dreyfus .

Front 36

Thomas Hardy

Back 36

Wrote Tess of the D'Urbervilles and The Return of the Native
-Depicts men and women frustrated and crushed by fate and bad luck .

Front 37

Leo Tolstoy

Back 37

Russian realist-combined realism in description and character development with an atypical moralizing, which came to dominate his later work-War and Peace.

Front 38

Gustav Courbet

Back 38

The most famous Realist artist. The word Realism was coined in 1850 to describe one of his paintings. He showed realistic portrayal of everyday life and one of his famous works, "The Stonebreakers" (1849) showed human misery of laborers breaking stones for roads. .

Front 39

Francois Millet

Back 39

He painted scenes of rural life, especially peasants laboring in the fields. His Realism had some Romantic elements. His most famous work, "The Gleaners", shows three peasant women gathering grain in a field

Front 40

Edgar Degas

Back 40

French realist/impressionist painter who painted about the movement of the human body

Front 41

Red Shirts

Back 41

Volunteers who fought under Giuseppe Garibaldi that were known for their distinctive dress. Starting in May, 1860, they helped defeat the Bourbon king of the Two Sicilies and then proceeded to mainland Italy.

Front 42

George Von Haussman

Back 42

Hired by Napoleon III, responsible for rebuilding Paris. Made wider streetsboulevards) which encouraged expansion and caused less traffic. Also built aqueducts, improved sewers, put zoning laws in place, and created open spaces. .

Front 43

Zemstvos

Back 43

Local assemblies, that provided a moderate degree of self government. Representatives were elected from different classes, but a property-based system of voting gave advantage to nobles.

Front 44

Mir

Back 44

The village commune that serfs were subject to following their emancipation in 1861

Front 45

Robert Koch

Back 45

German country doctor who did a lot of research on bacteria

Front 46

Charles Dickens

Back 46

English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice in Britain's early industrial age.

Front 47

Victorian Age

Back 47

era when Queen Victoria ruled; era of uneasy stability as the autocratic and upper-middle-class representatives who dominated Parliament blurred party lines by their internal strife and shifting positions

Front 48

Benjamin Disraeli

Back 48

Tory leader in Parliament - pushed for extension of the franchise; wanted to win over newly enfranchised groups to the Conservative Party