Unit 2 Vocabulary - Cells & Cellular Transport

Front 1

Centromeres

Back 1

the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis

Front 2

Centrioles

Back 2

an organelle that is active during mitosis

Front 3

Cytoplasm

Back 3

the region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus

Front 4

Eukaryotic

Back 4

Cells that contain a nucleus and organelles. All cells, except bacteria, are eukaryotic.

Front 5

Prokaryotic

Back 5

A primitive kind of cell containing no nucleus or organelles. All prokaryotic cells are organisms called bacteria.

Front 6

Ribosomes

Back 6

a large cell particle that carries out the production of proteins.

Front 7

Mitochondria

Back 7

Organelles within the cytoplasm of the cells, mitochondria have their own independent DNA, and serve as a source of energy for the cell.

Front 8

Chloroplast

Back 8

an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Front 9

Cell Membrane

Back 9

a phospholipid layer that covers a cell’s surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell’s environment

Front 10

Cell Wall

Back 10

a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Front 11

Golgi Apparatus

Back 11

A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport

Front 12

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 12

the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum to which ribosomes are attached

Front 13

Nucleus

Back 13

in a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s DNA and that has a role in processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction

Front 14

Vacuole

Back 14

a fluid-filled vesicle found in the cytoplasm of plant cells or protozoans

Front 15

Chromatin

Back 15

a portion of the cell nucleus made up of DNA and proteins; it is the carrier of the genes in inheritance

Front 16

Chromosomes

Back 16

in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA

Front 17

Cilium

Back 17

a hairlike structure arranged in tightly packed rows that projects from the surface of some cells

Front 18

Cytoskeleton

Back 18

the cytoplasmic network of protein filaments that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division

Front 19

Cytosol

Back 19

the soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes

Front 20

Flagellum

Back 20

a long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move

Front 21

Lysosome

Back 21

a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes

Front 22

Microfilament

Back 22

a fiber found inside eukaryotic cells that is composed mainly of the protein actin and that has a role in cell structure and movement

Front 23

Microtubule

Back 23

one of the small, tubular fibers composed of the protein tubulin that are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that compose the cytoskeleton, and that play a role in cell structure and movement

Front 24

Nuclear Envelope

Back 24

the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Front 25

Nuclear Pore

Back 25

one of the small holes in the nuclear envelope through which substances pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Front 26

Nucleolus

Back 26

the part of the eukaryotic nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

Front 27

Plastid

Back 27

a circular DNA molecule that is usually found in bacteria and that can replicate independent of the main chromosome

Front 28

Spindle Fibers

Back 28

one of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes

Front 29

Carrier Protein

Back 29

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane

Front 30

Concentration Gradient

Back 30

a difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance

Front 31

Diffusion

Back 31

the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density

Front 32

Equilibrium

Back 32

in biology, a state that exists when the concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space

Front 33

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 33

the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins

Front 34

Osmosis

Back 34

the diffusion of water or another solvent from a more dilute solution (of a solute) to a more concentrated solution (of the solute) through a membrane that is permeable to the solvent

Front 35

Active Transport

Back 35

the movement of chemical substances, usually across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy

Front 36

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Back 36

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

Front 37

Turgor Pressure

Back 37

the pressure that is exerted on the inside of cell walls and that is caused by the movement of water into the cell

Front 38

Passive Transport

Back 38

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

Front 39

Pino

Back 39

drink

Front 40

Phago

Back 40

eat

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Endo

Back 41

inside

Front 42

Exo

Back 42

outside

Front 43

Lysis

Back 43

to loosen

Front 44

Hyper

Back 44

over, extremely

Front 45

Hypo

Back 45

under, in smaller measure

Front 46

Iso

Back 46

equal, alike, identical

Front 47

Tonic

Back 47

combining form meaning a "solution with a comparative concentration"

combining form meaning the "quality of muscle contraction or tonus"