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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Electrons
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-negative charge
-mass~1/1836 amu(atomic mass unit) |
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Nucleus
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-no charge
-mass~1amu |
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Protons
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-positive charge
-mass ~1amu |
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Nuclide
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A generic term applicable to all the atomic forms of the elements
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Radionuclide
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A radioactive nuclide
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Isotopes
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Elements having the same number of protons(z) but different numbers of neutrons
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Radiation
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Energy flying through space
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Excitation
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The process of adding energy to the nucleus or electron cloud, causing it to transition from a ground state to an excited state.
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Ionizing Radiation
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Any electromagnetic or particulate radiation(energy) capable of producing ions directly or indirectly as it passes through matter
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Describe the Characteristics of Alpha Particles
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*emitted from the nucleus
*essentially a Hellium nucleus *large mass (4 amu) *+2 charge *mono energetic(3.5 to 10 MeV) *travels at 1/20th the speed of light *least penetrating of ionizing radiation *range air-several cm tissue- measured in microns *high internal hazzard |
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Describe the Characteristics of Beta Particles
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*emitted from the nucleus
*essentially an entergentic electron *0.00055 amu *mostly an internal hazard *either pos or neg charge *emitted in a spectrum of energies *more penetrating than alpha |
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Describe the Characteristics of Neutrons
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*emitted from the nucleus as a result of fission
*spectrum of energies *all neutrons are born fast *mass = 1 amu |
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Contamination
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finely divided particles of radioactive material in an undesired location
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X-rays
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produced when an electron from an outer shell drops down to fill the vacancy in an inner orbital shell. The difference in the binding energy from the 2 shells is emitted in the form of a photon
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Bremsstrahlung Radiation
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German for braking. Occurs when high speed charged particles undergo radial acceleration due to a change in the direction of travel.
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Photons
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a packet of energy
*no rest mass *no charge |
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origins of gamma and X-rays
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gamma emitted from the nucleus
X-ray emitted form the electron cloud |
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ERG
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the amount of energy required to lift a mass of 1/980g through 1cm
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Absorbed Dose
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the energy imparted by ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material.(Gy/rad)
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Quality Factor(Q)
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The factor which is multiplied by the absorbed dose(D) to obtain the dose equivalent (Ht)
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Dose Equivalent (Ht)
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the product of the absorbed dose (D) and the quality factor(Q)
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REM(rem)
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The unit of dose equivalent Ht which is equal to the absorbed dose in rad multiplied by the quality factor
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Effective Dose Equivalent
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the sum of the products of the weighing factors(W) applicable to each of the body organs or tissues and the dose equivalent
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Deep Dose Equivalent
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applies to the external whole-body exposure, the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1cm
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Shallow Dose Equivalent
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applies to the external exsposure to the skin or extremity and is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.007 cm averaged over an area of 10cm2
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Eye Dose Equivalent
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applies to the external exposure of the lens of the eye and is taken as the dose equivalent at the tissue depth of 0.3cm
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Committed Dose Equilvalent
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the dose equivalent to an organ or tissue that will be recieved from an intake of radioactive material by an individual during a 50 year period
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Committed Effective Dose Equivalent
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the sum of the products of the weighting factors applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated and the committed dose equivalent to these organs or tissues
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Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE)
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the sum of the deep dose equivalent(external dose) and the committed dose equivalent(internal dose)
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Sievert (Sv)
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one sievert = 100rem
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Curie (Ci)
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the unit of radioactivity
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Rad
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the unit of absorbed dose which is equal to the absorbtion of 100 ergs per gram
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Gray(Gy)
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1 Gy = 100 Rad
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Annual Limit on Intake (ALI)
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the smaller amount of radioactive material taken into the boby of an adult worker by inhalation or ingestion in a year(40hrs per week for 50 weeks) that would result in a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 rem or a committed dose equivalent of 50 rem to an individual oragan or tissue
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Derived Air Concentration(DAC)
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the concentration of a given radionuclide in the air which, of breathed for a working year (40 hrs per week for 50 weeks) under conditions of light wrok(inhalation rate of 1.2 cubic meters of air per hour) results in an intake of 1 ALI
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As Low as Resonably Achievable
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A radiological protection philosophy based on making every resonable effort to maintain exposures to ionizing radiation as far below the dose limits as is practical and consistent with the purpose for which the exposure is undertaken
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Man - Rem
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the total radiation dose recieved by all of the individuals in a specific group over a specified period of time or during a specified work effort
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Non-stochastic(deterministic) Effect
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health effects for which the severity varies with the dose and for which the a threshold normally exists
(erythema, epilation, ars) |
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Epilation
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hair loss
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Erythema
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reddening of the skin. May come in waves over a few weeks and requires a dose of 6 Gray(600 rads)
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Acute Radation Syndrome (ARS)
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the complex of clinical symptoms that develop in an individual plus the results of labatory and bioassay findings. (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea)
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Stochastic Effect
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Probablilty of occurence is a function of dose without a threshold
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cancer
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term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and aggressively migrate or are transported to other organs in the host
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Somatic Effects
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effects of radiation limited to the exposed individual
Classified by the magnitude and of the length of exposure |
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Hereditary Effects
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radiation effects that can be transferred from the parent to the offspring, any radiation-caused changes in the genetic material(mutations) of the sex cells
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Teraogenic Effects
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radiation effects that may be observed in children who were exposed during the fetal and embryonic stages of development
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Radioactive Decay
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the spontaneous transformation of one nuclide into a different nuclide or into a different energy state of the same nuclide
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Radioactive Half-life
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the time required for the activity of a given radioactive element to decrease by one-half due to radioactive decay
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Biological Half-life
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the time required for the body to eliminate, by natural biological means, one half of the material taken into it
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Effective Half-life
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the time for a a radioactive element in the body to be diminished by 50 percent as a result of the combined action of radioactive decay and biological elimination
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Explain Alpha Particle Emission
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*Alpha particle is emitted from a proton rich necleus
*the atomic mass number (A) decreases by 4 and the atomic number(Z) decreases by 2 |
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Explain Beta Minus Emission
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*the particle is emitted from a
neutron rich nucleus *the neutron is converted into a protron and a beta minus particle *the beta minus particle and an antineutrino are emitted *the atomic mass number stays the same and the atomic number(Z) increases by 1 |
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Explain Beta Plus Emission(Positron)
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*the positron is emitted from a a nucleus when the neutron to proton ration is too low(proton rich nucleus)
*a proton is converted into a neuton and a positron, The positron and a neutrino are emitted *the atomic mass number(A) stays the same and the atomic number(Z) decreases by 1 |
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Explain Gamma Ray Emissions
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may occur after alpha, beta and/or positron decay when the daughter nuclei is still in a excited state. The excited nucleus will eliminate the extra energy by emitting a gamma ray
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Explain Metastable Transition
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transition where the gamma ray release is much longer than a microsecond
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List the characterisitics of interaction by the Alpha radiation on matter
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*interacts with orbital electrons both through direct collison and electostatic force
*Range of influence on orbital electrons is greater than other radiations becasue of the +2 charge *rapidly lose their energy as they pass through matter *tend to travel in straight line paths sometimes deflecting depending on promimity to the nucleus |
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List the characterisitics of interaction by the Beta radiation on matter
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*interacts both through electrostatic force and direct collision
*interaction by electrostatic forces due to the +1/-1 charge, resulting in ionizations, excitations and bremsstrahlung interactions with the absorber materials *small mass0.00055 amu results in changes in direction and a winding torturous path through matter |
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List the characterisitics of interaction by the Photon radiation on matter
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might be absorbed and disappear or it might be scattered, changing its direction of travel, with or without loss of energy
*Primary interactions 1 Photoelectric Effect 2 Compton Scattering 3 Pair Production *Secondary 1 Coherent Scattering 2 Photodisintegration |
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List the characterisitics of interaction by the Neutron radiation on matter
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Neutrons are indirectly ionizing radiation. The mechanisms of neutral interaction are srtongly energy dependent.
Fast Neutron interactions 1 Elastic Scattering 2 Inelastic Scattering Thermal(slow) Neutron Interactions 1 Radiative Capture 2 Charged Pasrticle Emission 3 Fission |
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List the 3 cases of interest for thermal neutron interactions with matter
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Thermal(slow) Neutron Interactions
1 Radiative Capture 2 Charged Particle Emission 3 Fission |
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Photoelectric Effect(Photon)
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an incident photon with energy is absorbed by an electron. The photon disappears, and the the electron is is ejected from the atom with a kinetic energy equal to the incident photon minus the binding energy of the electron
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Compton Scattering(Photon)
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an incident photon undergoes elastic scattering with an orbital electron in which both energy and momentum are conserved. An energetic electron and a photon of lower energy are the ejected
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Pair Production(Photon)
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an incidental photon with an energy 2x the electron's rest mass energy, is converted into an electron-positron pair in the electrical field of the nucleus.
*dominate mode of attenuation for high energy photons |
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Coherent Scattering(Photon)
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?
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Photodisintergration(Photon)
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a nucleus absorbs a photon with an energy greater than 10MeV and emits a nuclear fragment(neutron, proton, alpha or a cluster of fragments. Process is also called photonuclear reaction. Photon must have enough energy to overcome the binding energy of the ejected fragment
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Radiative Capture
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a neutron is captured by the nucleus , and on or more gamma rays are emitted. ex absorption reaction
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Chraged Particle Emission
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a neutron is captured by the nucleus, and the excess energy of the the nucleus is given off in the form of a charged particle
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Fission
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a neutron is captured by the nucleus , the resulting nuclide is unstable due to the excess mass-energy of the neutron, and the nuclide decays by seperating into two pieces called fission fragments
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State the four basic methods of controlling internal radiation
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avoid inhalation
avoid ingestion avoid absorbtion wound decontamination |
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State the 3 basic methods for controlling external radiation
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Time
Disatance Sheilding |
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State examples of how time, distance and sheilding are used in a medical setting
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*when transporting sources use a cart to increase distance
*use a remote handlinging device *never handle unshielded syringes *use a portable shield while sitting next next to an injected patient. *keep all drawn up doses in a coffin until ready to use |
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State examples of how time, distance and shielding are used in a nuclear setting
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plan the job, perform mock-up training, perform as much work outside of the area as possible.
use remote equipment and work at arms length from the source use walls of lead or concrete, use protable shield, lead brick, lead pigs, lead apron and gloves |
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Half-Value Layer
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the thickness of a given material required to reduce the intensity of a beam of gamma radiation to one half of its original value
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Tenth-Value Layer
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the thinkness of a given material required to reduce the intensity of a beam of gamma radiation to one-tenth of its original value
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State examples how time, distance and sheilding are used in an industrial enviorment
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dont stand near the camera, properly stage for work, leave radiation area during delays, stay as far away as possible and use shielding between yourself and the source
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List the most radiosensitive cells in the body
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*Lymphoctes and blood forming cells
*Reproductive and gastrointestinal cells *nerve and muscle cells |
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List the early effects of radiation on a biological system
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nausea and vomiting, malaise and fatigue, increased temperature, damage to bone marrow, damage to gastrointestinal tract, damage to nervous system
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List the threshold dose for the onset of acute radiation syndrome
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100 rad
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List the 4 stages of acute radiation syndrome
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Prodormal
Latent Manifest illness Recovery or Death |
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List the 3 characteristic syndromes of ARS and the ranges
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1 Hematopoietic Syndrome 100-1000 rad
2 Gastrointerstinal Syndrome 1000-5000 rad 3 Cerebral Vascular or CNS Syndome 5000+ rad |
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List the latent effects of radiation on a biological system
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cancer, hereditary effects, cataracts, life span shorting, aging
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State the LD50/30 for humans(leathal dose)
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400 rads whole body dose
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Explain the potential for hereditary effect
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potential is low for observed effects
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List the 3 stages of fetal development
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pre-implantation(0-9 days)
organogenesis(through 6th week) Fetal(> 6 weeks) |
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Name the most sensitive fetal development stage for lethal effects of radiation
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pre-implantation
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Name the most sensitive fetal development stage for resulting malformations at birth
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organogenesis
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Identify and state the total annual collective dose recieved from background radiation IAW NNPP
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620 mrem
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Identify and state the total annual collective dose recieved from background radiation IAW NCRP
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360 mrem
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State the sources that make up natural sources of background radiation
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Terrestrial
Cosmic Radiation Internal Radon |
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Give the radioistope in the following tobacco
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210Pb, 210Po
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Give the radioistope in the following illumination
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3H, 226Ra and 147Pm
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Give the radioistope in the following smoke detectors
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241Am
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Give the radioistope in the following fuels
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222Rn
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Give the radioistope in the following building materials
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238U and 232Th
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Give the radioistope in the following fiesta ware
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238U
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Give the radioistope in the following gas lantern mantles
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232Th
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Give the radioistope in the following lite salt
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40K
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