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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two main advantages of sexual reproduction (besides being fun)?
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1. Produces variety in offspring
2. Allows for adaptation to the environment |
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What are the primary reproduction organs responsible for?
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1. Production of reproductive cells.
2. Secretion of sex hormones. |
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What temperature do sperm develop the best at?
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34 degrees celsius.
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What happens if the testicles do not descend?
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The male will be sterile because the sperm will die at body temperature.
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What are the tiny, coiled tissue inside the testes called and what do they produce?
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Seminiferous tubules and they produce sperm.
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What do interstitial cells produce?
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Testosterone
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Following the steps of spermatogenesis, name and state the number of chromosomes of the cell undergoing this process.
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Spermatogonia (diploid, 46)
Primary spermatocytes (diploid, 46) Secondary spermatogonia (23 double stranded) Spermatids (23 single stranded) |
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What are the functions of sertoli cells?
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Support cells found in the seminiferous tubules through nourishment, producing a fluid for their transport, and forming the blood testes barrier.
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Name and describe the structures of a spermatozoa.
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Head-contains a nucleus with genetic material, and a capsule containing acrosomes
midpiece- contains mitochondria that provide energy for movement flagellum- organelle that provides motility for sperm |
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Give the function of the epididymis.
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Site where sperm mature until they become motile.
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Give the function of the vas deferens
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a muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
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What is a vasectomy?
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A medical procedure involving the removal of part of the vas deferens in order to prevent sperm from traveling through (sterility).
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What is the function of the urethra?
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Carries urine from the bladder and sperm from the vas deferens to the outside of the penis
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What is the function of the ejaculatory duct?
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Regulates the movement of semen into the urethra.
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What prevents urine from being expelled at the same time as semen?
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A sphincter in the urethra prevents this from happening.
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What is another name for the foreskin?
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prepuce
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What is the cause of an erection? (in the body)
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The stiffening and enlargening of the penis due to stimulation of the parasympathetic NS which causes arteries to the penis to dilate, increasing blood flow.
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How might damage to the parasympathetic NS affect a man's ability to reproduce?
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Can cause impotence (inability to get an erection)
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What are the three structures in the male reproductive system that contribute to semen and what are those contributions?
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1. Seminal vesicles- releases a fructose solution that nourishes sperm.
2. Prostate gland- firm, muscular organ that secretes an alkaline fluid with sodium bicarbonate that provide a buffer for the sperm 3. Cowper's gland- releases a mucous which cleanses the urethra and lubricates it |
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What secondary sex characteristics does testosterone cause in males?
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1. facial and body hair
2. thickening of larynx 3. broad shoulders 4. increase muscle mass 5. indirectly involved in sperm producion |
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What are the primary sex organs in females and what are their functions?
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The ovaries are the site of egg production and sex hormones.
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Where is the site of fertilization?
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In the upper 1/3rd of the oviducts.
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What is an ectopic pregnancy?
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When an egg embeds into the oviduct. Usually ends in miscarriage and infertility.
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What are fimbriae?
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Finger-like projections that sweep the ova from the ovaries into the fallopian tubes.
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What is the uterus?
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Pear-shaped organ where the embryo develops.
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What are the characteristics of the myometrium (outer layer of uterus)
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muscular, supports the developing embryo (blood rich), contracts during labour
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What are the characteristics of the endometrium (inner layer of the uterus)?
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embryo embeds in this layer, provides nutrients for the embryo, sheds during menstruation
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What is a pap smear?
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A swab taken of the cervix for cells that are examined for abnormalties.
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What is the vagina?
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Also known as the birth canal, it is the site of sexual intercourse and connects the uterus with the outside of the body.
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What is a mammogram?
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X-ray done that produces images of the inner breast and identifies cysts and cancerous cells.
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What are the two types of follicle cells in the ovaries?
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Primary oocytes (divides through meiosis into a mature oocyte) and granulosa cells (provide nutrients for oocytes).
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What is the Grafian follicle?
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The dominant follicle that develops during oogenesis.
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What are the end results of oogenesis?
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3 polar follicles and the grafian follicle (egg)
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What do the left over polar bodies in the ovaries do?
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They form the corpus luteum, which breaks down into the corpus albicans if no fertilization occurs after 14 days.
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When does the placenta take over the job of the corpus luteum?
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2-3 months into the pregnancy.
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What is menopause and what are some side effects?
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Menopause is when there are no more follicles left in a woman's reproductive cycle. This results in infertility, hot flashes, irritability and facial hair. Can be treated with hormones.
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What are the four stages of the menstrual cycle and the hormones released at each stage?
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Flow stage (all hormones low levels)
Follicular phase (estrogen) Ovulatory phase (LH) Luteal phase (estrogen and progesterone) |
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What is the function of FSH?
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Stimulates the development of follicles and their production of estrogen.
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What is the function of LH?
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Causes ovulation from the grafian follicle and maintains the corpus luteum.
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What is the function of estrogen?
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Responsible for secondary female sex characteristics. Also the thickening of the endometrium.
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What is the function of progesterone?
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Thickening and maintaining of the endometrial layer, prevents further ovulation, and prevents uterine contractions.
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Describe the flow phase
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Days 1 to 5
starts with menstruation which is caused by a sudden reduction of estrogen and progesterone levels |
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Describe follicular phase
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development of the follicle cells in the ovary, leads to the secretion of estrogen by the follicles, at the end of phase basal body temp spikes
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Describe the ovulatory phase
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due to the release of LH, causes the release of the secondary oocyte from the grafian follicle through the wall of the ovary
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Describe the Luteal phase
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ALWAYS 14 days
the remaining follicular cells differentiate into the corpus luteum which produces progesterone and estrogen, these hormones prepare the uterus for a fertilized egg, if pregnancy does not occur these hormones lower and cause uterine contractions that cause menstruation |
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How does the birth control pill work?
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It release progesterone, which inhibits the release of LH and FSH, preventing ovulation
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What is cleavage?
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Divisions of a cell
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What is a blastocyst?
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A fertilized egg that is embedded in the endometrium
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What is the ectoderm and what does is differentiate into?
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Outer layer of the developing blastocyst. It develops into skin, hair, nails, brain, lens, retina, cornea, cochlea, semicircular canals, teeth, inside lining of the mouth
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What is the chorion?
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The outer membrane of the embryonic structure. Releases hCG and maintains the corpus luteum for the first 3 months of pregnancy. It eventually forms part of the placenta.
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What is the amnion?
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Inner membrane, fluid filled embryonic structure, fluid called amniotic fluid which surrounds the embryo and provides cushion.
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What is the mesoderm?
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The middle layer of cells that divide to become muscles, blood vessels, blood, kidneys, reproductive structures, cartilage and bone.
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What is the endoderm?
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The inner layer of cells that divide to produce the liver, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid, urinary bladder, lining of the digestive system and respiratory tract.
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How is placenta formed?
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From the endometrium and the chorion layer.
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What is the function of placenta?
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To provide a bridge for the diffusion of wastes and nutrients between mother and child. Also acts as a barrier preventing the diffusion of proteins and blood cells.
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What is the allantois?
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provides blood vessels in the placenta.
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What are the hormones involved in paturition and what are their functions?
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1. Relaxin- helps relax the cervix and allow it to dilate (thought to be influenced by oxytocin)
2. Oxytocin- as the baby moves into the birth canal this triggers stretch receptors that signal the posterior to release oxytocin, which causes forceful uterine contractions 3. Prostaglandins- produced in the uterine wall and trigger strong contractions |
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What are the different delivery types?
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natural, breech (feet or bum first), c-section, episiotomy (cutting of the vaginal opening)
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What is colustrum?
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Breast milk without milk fats, rich in antibodies.
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