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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Another name for ocean crust?
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Sima
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Another name for continental crust?
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Sial
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What are the layers of the earth?
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Inner Core
Outer Core Mantle (converction currents) Upper Mantle (Asthenosphere) |
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How old is the Earth?
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4.6 Billion years old
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What was Pangea?
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A massive supercontinent that existed 250-300million yrs ago
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What is continental drift?
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States that plates of crust are moving - caused by nuclear fission
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Who came up with the theory on continental drift?
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Alfred Wegner (1912)
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Who came up with the theory of plate tectonics?
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Tuzo Wilson
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What is plate tectonics?
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A theory that explains, continental drift, mountains, eathquakes, and volcanoes
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Evidence for the theory of plate tectonics?
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- Coast-line fit (S.America + Africa)
- Continental Shelves fit - Fossils - Glaciation (straitions) - |
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What are Continental Plates made of?
Heavy or light? |
Granite
Light - the 'float' 10kms higher |
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What are Oceanic Plates made of?
Heavy or light? |
Basalt
Heavy |
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Types of Divergeant Boundaries:
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Mid Ocean Ridge (Ocean - Ocean)
Rift Valleys (Continental - Continental) |
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What type of boundary is a Mid Ocean Ridge?
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- Divergeant
- Ocean plates move apart (sea floor spreading) - Europe + North America |
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What type of boundary is a Rift Valley?
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- Divergeant
- Continental plates move apart - Creates a valley - African + Somali Plate |
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Types of Convergeant Bourndaries:
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Subduction Zone (Ocean - Continental)
Subduction Zone (Ocean to Ocean) Collision Zone (Continental - Continental) |
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What happens at an (Ocean - Continantal) Subduction zone?
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Ocean dives down
Trenches & Mountains created Nazca + South American Plate |
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What happens at an (Ocean - Ocean) subduction zone?
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- Older ocean plate dives down
- Oceanic trenches & Island chains formed - Carribean + Noth American Plate |
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What happends at a (Continent - Continent) collision zone?
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Fold mountains are formed
- India + Asia |
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A type of passive/ Conservative Boundary?
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Transform Fault
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What happens at a transform fault?
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Plates slide horizontally against each other
(strike slip fault) - Lots of earthquakes - San Andreas fault |
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Hot Spot
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Found in the middle of a plate
- Sheild volcanoes are formed - Hawaiian Islands |
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Where & how are fold mountains formed?
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Formed due to pressure at a convergeant bourndary
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Where & how is a Rift Valley formed?
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Caused by two faults created by stress at a divergeant boundary
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What are the four eras of Geologic time in Canada?
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Precambrian
Palezoic Mesozoic Cenozoic |
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Which era lasted the longest?
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Precambrian Era -88%
(earliest life) 4.6 billion yrs ago |
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Igneous Rock
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Rock that comes from cooled lava
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Extrusive Igneous rock:
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Lava that cools on the Earths surface (CANT see crystals)
- Basalt, Pumice, Obsidian |
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Intrusive Igneous Rock:
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If magma cools WITHIN the Earth . CAN see large crystals
- Granite (nickname: fire rock) |
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How is Sedimentary Rock formed?
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Existing rock is broken down into smaller particles by:
Wind + Water + Ice - it gets moved - pressure/compression It then becomes sedimentary rock |
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Details of Sedimentary rock: (what can you see?)
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Small crystals, can SEE different layers, maybe fossils
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Examples of Sedimentary Rock:
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Sandstont, Limestone, Shale, Chalk
(nickname: layered rock) |
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Metamorphic Rock
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rock that changes due to heat & pressure
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What can you see in metamorphic rock?
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Small crystals, sometimes layers, rock is very hard + valuable
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Examples of metamorphic rock:
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Granite → Gneiss
Limestone → Marble Coal → Graphite → Diamond Sandstone → Quartzite |
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How do Continental Glaciers move?
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They move under their own weight
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How do Alpine Glaciers move?
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They move from high to low elevation due to gravity
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When was the last ice age? What was it called?
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Wisconsin Glacier, 18 - 20,000yrs ago
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What are the 3 steps of the Erosion Cycle?
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1. Weathering: Breakdown of rock
2. Transport: moving sediment to large bodies of water 3. Depostition: Sediment is deposited imto layers (through compression it will turn into sedimentary rock) |
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Erosion:
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(Weathering + Transport)
The wearing away od Earths surface followed by the movement of sediment [to other locations] |
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Weathering
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Breakdown of rock into smaller pieces
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Mechanical Weathering
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The disintegration of rock into smaller partivles by mechanical/physical processes (sandblasting)
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Examples of Mechanic Wethering:
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Temperature
Running Water Ice Wind Plants (salt) |
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Chemical Weathering
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the decomposition of rock resulting form a chemical change (acid rain)
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Examples of Chemical Weathering:
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Acid Rain
Plants (humic acid) (Salt) |
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Horn:
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Alpine
Pyramid shaped mountain |
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Arête:
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Alpine
Thin sharp mountain with knife-like edge |
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Cirque:
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Alpine
Bowl Shaped |
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U- Shaped Valley
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Alpine
Glacier carves out a valley to make it u - shaped |
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Col
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Alpine
Lowest point of a U- Shaped Valley |
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Fjords
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Alpine
A U-Shaped valler near water |
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Hanging Valley
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Alpine
A small u-shaped valley on the side of a large u-shaped valley |
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Esker
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Continental or Alpine
Upside-down frozen river (made of sand and debris) |
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Drumlin
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Continental or Alpine
Egg Shaped mound of till |
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Kettle
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Continental or Alpine
Holes created by melting ice , that are filled with ice/water |
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Outwashed Plain
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Continental or Alpine
Flat land covered with sediments |
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Erratic
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Continental or Alpine
Big rock that doesn't belong |
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Striations
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Continental or Alpine
Scratches in the bedrock |
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Morraine
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Continental or Alpine
Mounds of till being pushed by a glacier |
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Kames
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Continental
Hill of meltwater & debris |
