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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main ultrastructures of a plant cell? |
Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplast, ribosome, mitochondrion, vacuole |
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What are the main ultrastructure of an animal cell? |
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria |
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What are the main ultrastructure of a bacterial cell? |
Plasmid, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, cell wall |
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What is the only cell that doesn't have a cell wall? |
Animal cell |
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What is the only type of cell that does not have mitochondria? |
Bacterial? |
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What cells do not have a vacuole? |
Bacterial, animal |
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What are the main ultrastructure of a fungal cell? |
Nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, mitochondria, ribosome |
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What ultrastructure do all cells have in common? |
Ribosome |
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How are bacterial cells different to other cells? |
Bacterial cells do not have organelles |
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What is the function of the nucleus? |
The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls the cells activities |
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What is the function of the cell membrane? |
The cell membrane is selectively permeable and controls the entry and exit of substances to and from the cell |
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What is the function of the mitochondria? |
Site of aerobic respiration and provides energy needed for the cells activities |
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What is the function of ribosomes? |
Proteins are made from amino acids |
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What is the function of the cell wall? |
The cell wall allows the entry of all substances needed by the cell, it's is freely permeable and helps support the cell |
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What is the function of the vacuole? |
Made up of cell sap (a dilute solution of salts and sugars) helps provide the cell with support and keep the shape of the cell |
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What is the function of a chloroplast? |
Where photosynthesis takes place, contains the green pigment chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis |
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What is the function of the cytoplasm? |
Jelly like substance where most of the cells chemical reactions take place. |
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What is the function of a plasmid? |
A small circular piece of DNA |
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What is the function of a red blood cell? |
To transport oxygen around the body |
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What is the function of nerve cells? |
To carry nerve impulses around the body |
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What is the function of and egg cell? |
To join with the male cell during fertilisation and to provide food for the new cell that's been formed |
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What is the function of the sperm cell? |
To fuse with the egg cell during fertilisation |
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What is the function of a root hair cell? |
To absorb nutrients and water from the soil |
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What is the function of a palisade cell? |
To absorb energy from the sun to be used for photosynthesis |
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What is the function of potato tuber cell? |
To store starch produced by photosynthesis (used as a food source when rate of photosynthesis is low) |
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What is the function of a yeast cell? |
Under anaerobic conditions yeast cells produce carbon dioxide and ethabol |
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What is the function of a bacterial cell? |
Many uses including the treatment of sewage and production of yoghurt and cheese |
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What are the special features of a red blood cell? |
Large surface area for oxygen to pass through, contains haemaglobin with which oxygen joins |
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What are the special features of a nerve cell? |
Long, has connections at each end, carries electrical signals |
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What are the special features of an egg cell? |
Large, contains a lot of cytoplasm |
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What are the special features of a sperm cell? |
Long tail for swimming, contains many mitochondria to provide energy for swimming, large head to penetrate egg cell |
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What are the special features of a root hair cell? |
Large surface area to maximise absorption |
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What are the special features of a palisade cell? |
Large surface area, many chloroplasts |
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What are the special features of a potato tuber cell? |
Numerous starch granules Food source for humans |
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What are the special features of a yeast cell? |
Ethanol used to make alcohol Carbon dioxide makes bread rise |
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What are the special features of a bacterial cell? |
Wide range of food sources Rapidly increase in number Can turn sugars in milk into acids during milk and cheese production Can be used to remove harmful substances from sewage |
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What is the cell membrane made up of? |
Phospholipids and proteins |
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How are phospholipids arranged? |
In a bilayer structure with their heads facing outwards and tails inwards |
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The phospholipid molecules form a... |
Double layer (bilayer) with with some of the protein molecules extending partly into the bilayer and others extending right through it from one side to the other |
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What does the fluid mosaic model refer to? |
The constantly moving phospholipid bilayer and the protein molecules dotted about within the phospholipid bilayer |
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The fluid mosaic nature of the cell membrane... |
Allows the cell shape to be flexible to avoid damage |
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What is diffusion? |
Diffusion is a passive process and does not require energy. Diffusion involves the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient. |
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What molecules are transported by diffusion? |
Water, oxygen, amino acids and carbon dioxide |
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Give an example of diffusion that is important to organisms |
An example of diffusion important to organisms is the diffusion of oxygen from cells to lungs (to make energy from respiration) and the removal of waste carbon dioxide from cells to lungs |
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What does the word hypotonic describe? |
Hypotonic describes solutions or cells with a high water concentration (low salt concentration) |
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What does the word isotonic describe? |
Isotonic describes solutions or cells of equal concentrations |
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What does the word hypertonic describe? |
Hypertonic describes solutions or cells with a low water concentration (high salt concentration) |
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What does turgid mean? |
Turgid is used to describe plant cells that have gained water by osmosis |
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What does plasmolysed mean? |
Plasmolysed is used to describe plant cells that have lost water by osmosis |
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When placed in different solutions what happens to animal an plant cells? |
Animal cells can burst or shrink and plant cells become turgid or plasmolysed |
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How is osmosis used in industry? |
To generate power or desalinate salty water |
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What is active transport? |
Active transport is the movement of molecules and ions against a concentration gradient (low to high concentrations) it requires energy (ATP) which is supplied by respiration |
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Some membrane proteins... |
Act as carriers which recognise specific molecules and use energy in the form of ATP to transport the across the membrane |
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Another name for active transport carriers is |
Pumps |
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Describe the sodium/potassium pump |
Sodium ions are actively pumped out of a cell by a protein carrier whilst potassium ions are actively pumped into the nerve cell |
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Any factor that which increases the rate of ATP production... |
Such as temperature, glucose, supply of oxygen will also have an affect on transport across membranes |
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What is mitosis important for? |
Grow and repair of cells |
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What is mitosis? |
Mitosis is the process by which exact exact copies of new cells are produced from existing cells. |
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What is the structure of a chromosone |
A chromosone consists of 2 chromatids held together by the centromere |
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What is the chromosome, complement? |
Every species of animal and plant has a characteristic number of chromosomes (chromosome complement) present in the nucleus in each of its cells |
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What is a diploid cell? |
Diploid cells have 2 matching sets of chromosomes which are replicated during mitosis |
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What is the growth of cells? |
Growth is an increase in cell number and can be influenced by changing conditions |
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What properties of microorganisms make them useful in industry? |
Rapid growth, diverse use of food sources, wide range of products |
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What is cell culture? |
Cell culturing is the production of new cells in a controlled environment of growth media in a laboratory. Depending on the specific cell type being grown the growth media may be solid algar (in a petri dish) or liquid nutrient broth (in a fermenter) |
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Appropriate factors needed for cell culturing are |
Oxygen, pH and temperature |
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What are genes? |
Genes are long sections of DNA and are located on chromosomes, genes are passed on from parents to offspring and each individuals DNA is unique |
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What is DNA? |
DNA is a double stranded helix held together by base pairs |
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What are the four bases? |
Adenine, Cysotine, Guanine and Thymine. A always joins with T and G always joins with C |
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How can DNA be used in forensic science? |
Identify the identity of criminals |
