Unit 2 A/p Musculoskeletal System

Front 1

Skeletal System consists of the following

Back 1

BONES
JOINTS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Front 2

Function of the Skeleton

Back 2

Strong framework on which the body is constructed

Front 3

BONE

Back 3

-most dense connective tissue
-work with muscles for movement

Front 4

Functions of bones

Back 4

-framework for the body
-protection of internal organs (brain and spinal cord)
-levers for movement
-store Ca
-produce blood cells.

Front 5

Bone is also called what

Back 5

osseous

Front 6

TYPES OF BONE TISSUE

Back 6

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Front 7

COMPACT BONE

Back 7

hard and dense
make up the main shaft of long bone and outer layer of other bones
cells found in around the haversian canal (contains blood vessels and nerves)
Make up by Haversian systems also called osteon

Front 8

SPONGY BONE

Back 8

-also called cancellous bone
-meshwork of small bony plated filled with red marrow

-found at the ends (epiphyses) of the long bones and at the center of other bone

Front 9

Bone has ___ kinds of marrow

Back 9

2

Red
Yellow

Front 10

Red marrow are found...

Back 10

epiphyses (ends of long bones) and center of other bones

Front 11

YELLOW MARROW

Back 11

- found in the central cavities of the long bones

-made of fat

Front 12

Red marrow produces

Back 12

red blood cells

Front 13

Periosteum

Back 13

Covers the bone except at the joint region
Has blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that nourishes the bony tissue

Front 14

OSTEOBLASTS

Back 14

found in the inner layer of the perioseum
-make bone in growth and in repairing injuries

Front 15

Endosteum

Back 15

lines the bones marrow cavity

Front 16

Ossification

Back 16

--conversion from cartilage to bone

Front 17

OSTEOBLASTS

Back 17

bone building cells

Front 18

Osteocytes

Back 18

maintain and repair existing bone matrix, but does not create new bone cells

Front 19

Osteoclasts

Back 19

Monocytes (a type of white blood cell) responsible for the process of resorption, breakdown of bone tissue

Front 20

Why is resorption important?

Back 20

-for bone remodeling and repair during bone growth or injury
-storing nutrients for the body

Front 21

Vit D

Back 21

-promotes Ca absorption from the intestines

Front 22

Epiphyseal Plates

Back 22

-secondary bone-forming centers
-develop across the ends of bones (epiphyses)

Front 23

Formation of long bones

Back 23

Occur at the epiphyseal plates by calcification of nes cartilage

Front 24

Change in elderly bone

Back 24

Slowing down of bone tissue renewal therefore more weak and fragile

Due to decrease in the ability of forming protein framework where calcium is deposited, fractures are more common and healing is slow because of slow bone metabolism

Front 25

BONE MARKINGS - projections

Back 25

Head
Process
Condyle
Crest
Spine

Front 26

HEAD

Back 26

round, knoblike end

Front 27

PROCESS

Back 27

a large projection of bone
i.e. susperior part of ulna that creates the elbow

Front 28

CONDYLE

Back 28

a rounded projection

Front 29

CREST

Back 29

a distinct border or ridge (top of hip bone)

Front 30

SPINE

Back 30

sharp projection from a surface of an bone (spine of the scapula)

Front 31

BONE MARKINGS - Depressions or holes

Back 31

FORAMEN
SINUS
FOSSA
MEATUS

Front 32

FORAMEN

Back 32

hole that allows a vessell or nerve to pass through or between bones

Front 33

SINUS

Back 33

air space found in skull bones

Front 34

FOSSA

Back 34

depression on a bone surface

Front 35

MEATUS

Back 35

short channel or passsageway (channel in the temporal that leads to inner ear)

Front 36

MAIN GROUPS OF THE SKELETON

Back 36

AXIAL
APPENDICULAR

Front 37

AXIAL SKELETON

Back 37

consists of 80 bones

head (cranium) and trunk

Front 38

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Back 38

126 bones
extremeties (limbs) and for the shoulders and hips

Front 39

Skull (Axial)

Back 39

Cranium
Facial Bones
Hyoid - U shaped bone under lower jaw for muscle attachment
Ossicles - ear bone

Front 40

Cranium Bones

Back 40

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Occipital

Front 41

Suture

Back 41

flat immovable joint that connects the bones in the skull

Front 42

FACIAL BONES

Back 42

mandible - lower jaw
maxillae - upper jaw
zygomatic bones - cheeks
nasal - nose
lacrimal - tear ducts
vomer - nasal septum
palatine - palate
inferior nasal conchae

Front 43

Trunk (Axial)

Back 43

Vertbral column (7, 12, 5)
Thorax (sternum and ribs) (12 pair)

Front 44

Upper Division of (Appendicular skeleton)

Back 44

Shoulder girdle (clavicle. scapula)

Upper extremity (humerus
Ulna
radial
carpals (8)
wrist
metacarpals
phalanges (fingers)

Front 45

LOWER DIVISION (Appendicular Skeleton)

Back 45

Pelvis (join the sacrum and coccyx)

Lower extremity
femur - thigh
patella - kneecap
tibia - medial of leg
fibula - lateral of leg
Tarsal (7) ankle
Metatarsal (5) instep
Phalanges (14) toes

Front 46

FONTANEL

Back 46

incomplete bone formation in infants (soft spots)
the largest and most recognizable is the anterior fontanel (closes by 18 mo)

Front 47

TRUNK

Back 47

Vertebral Column
Thorax

Front 48

Cervical Vertebral

Back 48

Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Atlas (C1) - supports the head
Axis (C2) -allows the head to pivot

Front 49

Thoracic Vertebrae

Back 49

- 12 (chest)
(T1-T12)

Front 50

Lumbar

Back 50

- 5 (small of the back)
L1-L5

Front 51

Sacral

Back 51

5 sep as a child then fuses as adults to form sacrum

Front 52

Coccygeal

Back 52

4 or 5 as child and then fuses to form the coccyx or tail bone

Front 53

THORAX (axial)

Back 53

12 pairs of ribs and sternum (manubrium, body,xiphoid process)

True ribs (first 7 pairs)
False ribs (the last 5 pairs)

Front 54

True Ribs

Back 54

7 pairs
attached to the sternum

Front 55

False ribs

Back 55

5 pairs

8,9,10 pairs attach to the cartilage of the rib above

Front 56

Floating ribs

Back 56

the last two pairs have no anterior attachment.

Front 57

Intercostal Spaces

Back 57

spaces between the ribs which contain muscles, blood vessels, and nerves

Front 58

Shoulder Girdle (Upper AS)

Back 58

Clavicle
Scapula

Front 59

Upper Extremity

Back 59

Humerus - arm
Radius
Ulna -

Front 60

Olecranon

Back 60

elbow
proximal end of ulna

Front 61

Pelvic Bones (Lower AS)

Back 61

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

Front 62

Skeletal Changes in Aging

Back 62

-loss of Ca salts
-decrease in protein formation in bone tissue
- reduction of collagen in bone and in tendon, ligaments and skin contributes to stiffness
- Muscle tissue is lost

Front 63

Nutrition needed for healthy bones

Back 63

Ca, Phosphorus - strength
Protein - amino acids to make collagen
Vit C to help in collaged synthesis
Vit D for Ca absorption
Mg and K help regulate the pH of body fluids;helps in Ca absorption

Front 64

JOINTS

Back 64

fibrous - immovable (synarthrosis) (bone skull joints)

Cartilaginous) Slightly movable
( amphiarthrosis) Pubic symphysis ; Verterbal body joints)

Synovial joints freely movable

Front 65

Synovial Joints

Back 65

Gliding joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condyloid joint
Saddle joint
Ball-and-socket joint

Front 66

Gliding joint

Back 66

wrist and ankle

Front 67

Hinge

Back 67

elbow joint

Front 68

Pivot

Back 68

atlas and axis; proximal ends of ulna and radius

Front 69

Condyloid

Back 69

metacarpal and the first phalanx of the finger (knuckle)
(movement two directions)

Occipital bone and atlas

Front 70

Saddle joint

Back 70

wrist and thumb

Front 71

Ball and socket

Back 71

shoulder
hip joint

Front 72

Movement at Synovial Joints

Back 72

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Suppination
Pronation
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion

Front 73

Diaphysis

Back 73

long narrow shaft of bone

Front 74

Haversion System

Back 74

Structural unit of Compact bone

Front 75

Manufactures blood cells

Back 75

Red marrow

Front 76

Bones are covered by a connective tissue known as

Back 76

Periosteum

Front 77

Bone matrix is produced by

Back 77

osteoblasts

Front 78

the greater trochanter is found

Back 78

femur

Front 79

TYPES OF MUSCLES

Back 79

smooth
skeletal
cardiac

Front 80

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Back 80

-walls of hollow body organs
blood vessels and respiratory passageways

involuntary

Front 81

Cardiac muscle

Back 81

involuntary
heart wall

Front 82

Skeletal muscle

Back 82

voluntary
striated
produce movement at joints; stimulated by nervous system
-maintenance of posture (muscle tone)
-generation of heat

Front 83

Tendon

Back 83

connect muscle to bone

Front 84

Motor impulses

Back 84

nerve impulses that go away from the central nervous system

Front 85

Neuromuscular Junction

Back 85

Point where nerve fiber contracts; where the neurotransmitter is released to stimulate the muscle

Front 86

Acetylcholine

Back 86

chemical (neurotransmitter ) that stimulate the muscle

Front 87

Action potential

Back 87

spreading wave of electrical current which calls the muscle cell into action.
"excitability"

Front 88

Contractility

Back 88

The ability of the muscle to shorten and become thicker

Front 89

Skeletal muscle fiber proteins

Back 89

Actin
Myosin

Front 90

A contracting subunit of the skeletal muscle consisting of actin and myosin

Back 90

sarcromere

Front 91

Calcium

Back 91

-plays a role in muscle contraction; it exposes the actin binding sites so that the myosin fibers can attach to it
-released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
-ATP releases the myosin fibers from the actin sites thus relaxation

Front 92

Energy sources

Back 92

ATP
O2
glucose

Front 93

Compounds that store O2, energy

Back 93

Myglobin
Glycogen
Creatine phosphate

Front 94

When there is absence of O2 during metabolism (anaerobic)
this is produced

Back 94

lactic acid which causes the muscle to fatigue

Front 95

Types of Muscle Contraction

Back 95

Isotonic
Isometric

Front 96

Isotonic Contraction

Back 96

liftiing weights, walking, running, or any activities where the muscles become shorter and thicker

Front 97

Isometric Contration

Back 97

Increase in muscle tension but no change in muscle length (no movement)

Front 98

Aponeurosis

Back 98

flat tendon

Front 99

Origin

Back 99

more fixed attachment of a muscle

Front 100

Insertion

Back 100

the attachment to the body part that the muscle puts into action.

Front 101

Prime mover

Back 101

muscle that performs the movement

Front 102

Antagonist

Back 102

muscle that performs the opposite movement of the primer mover

Front 103

Synergistic

Back 103

muscles with the same function

Front 104

Initiate nerve impulses for movement

Back 104

frontal lobe of the cerebrum

Front 105

controls the coordination of muscles, muscle tone

Back 105

cerebellum

Front 106

Proprioception

Back 106

muscle sense

Front 107

Brings O2 to muscle fibers

Back 107

Hemoglobin

Front 108

A protein that stores O2 in muscle cells

Back 108

Myoglobin

Front 109

Where motor neuron meets muscle fiber

Back 109

nueromuscular junction

Front 110

enlarged tip of the motor neuron

Back 110

axon terminal

Front 111

membrane of the muscle fiber

Back 111

sarcolemma

Front 112

small space between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma

Back 112

synapes

Front 113

sarcomeres

Back 113

individual contracting units

Front 114

cylinders that contain the scarcomeres

Back 114

microfibrils

Front 115

Common injection sites

Back 115

Deltoid muscle
gluteus medius

Front 116

Muscle Diseases

Back 116

Tetanus
Botulism
Muscular Dystrophy
Myasthenia gravis

Front 117

Tetanus

Back 117

toxis of tetanus bacteria; tetani spasms

Front 118

Botulism

Back 118

paralysis (blocks Ach)

Front 119

Muscular Dystrophy

Back 119

genetic
muscle tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue or fat
muscles cannot contract

Front 120

Myasthenia Gravis

Back 120

Autoimmune
antibodies against Ach receptors on the sarcolemma