Unit 2 Ap Environmental Science

Front 1

biological diversity

Back 1

refers to variety of species, gene types, ecosystems, ecosystem processes

Front 2

Number of species identified

Back 2

1.8 milllion
(4-100 million species)

Front 3

Why cant identify species

Back 3

-places we cant go
-small varieties
-$$

Front 4

Domains

Back 4

classify living things based on cellular similarities
-Eukaryotes
-Prokaryotes
-Archea

Front 5

Eukaryotes

Back 5

true nucleus

Front 6

Archea

Back 6

nuclei and organelles
extreme conditions
EXTREMOPHILES

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prokaryote

Back 7

before nucleus

Front 8

kingdoms

Back 8

classify based on anatomical similarities

Front 9

Eukaryota

Back 9

animalia, plantae, fungi, protista

Front 10

prokaryota

Back 10

monera (i.e. bacteria)

Front 11

natural selection

Back 11

has lead to lifes variety
-some individuals of a pop have genetically based traits that enhance their ability to survice and produce offspring

Front 12

biological evolution

Back 12

process whereby earths life changes over time through changes in genes of populations

Front 13

Charles Darwin

Back 13

"On the Origin of species by means of natural selection"

(Alfred Wallace)

Front 14

Fossil records

Back 14

mineralized or petrified replicas of sleletons, bones, teeth, shells, leaves, seeds, or impressions
PROVIDE EVIDENCE

Front 15

mutations

Back 15

random changes in the structure or number of DNA molecules in a cell that cna be inherited by offspring

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adaptation

Back 16

an inheritable trait that enables an individual organism to survive through natural selection and to reproduce more than other individuals

Front 17

differential reproduction

Back 17

enables individuals to leave mroe offspring than others in a population

Front 18

common myths of nat selection

Back 18

-survival of fittest-survival of strongest
-organisms change voluntarily
-life is approaching biological perfection

Front 19

when environmental conditions change species...

Back 19

-adapt
-migrate
-become extinct

Front 20

geographic processes effecting nat selection

Back 20

-tectonic plate shifting
-earthquakes
-climate change
-catastrophic events

Front 21

speciation

Back 21

two species arise from one
-"New" type cant breed with old
-extinction

Front 22

geographic isolation

Back 22

occurs when different groups of the same population

Front 23

reproductive isolation

Back 23

mutation and change by nat selection operate indepedently in the gene pools of geographically isolated populations.

Front 24

background extinction

Back 24

species disappearing at a low rate

Front 25

mass extinction

Back 25

a significant rise in extinction rates above backgroung level

Front 26

species diversity

Back 26

richness and evenness

Front 27

species richness

Back 27

number of different species an ecosystem contains

Front 28

species evenness

Back 28

relative abundance of individuals wihtin each of those species

Front 29

ecological niche

Back 29

role a species plays in its ecosystem

Front 30

keystone species

Back 30

have a large effect on abundances and types of other species in an ecosystem

Front 31

foundation species

Back 31

major role in shaping comunitie3s by creating and enhancing their habitats in ways that benefit other species

Front 32

interspecific competition

Back 32

members of two or more species interect to gain access to the same limited resources

Front 33

predation

Back 33

a member of a species feeds directly on all or part of a member of another species

Front 34

parasitism

Back 34

one organism feeds on the body or energy of another organism

Front 35

mutualism

Back 35

interaction that benefits both species by providing each with food, shelter or other resources

Front 36

resource partitioning

Back 36

some species evolve to reducing niche overlap
(warblers in same tree)

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Population dynamics

Back 37

-distributions
-numbers
-age structure
-density

Front 38

distribution

Back 38

how members are dispersed in one area
-clumping
-uniform
-random

Front 39

age structure

Back 39

-post reproductive
-reproductive
-pre-reproductive

Front 40

numbers

Back 40

(B+I)-(D+E)

Front 41

biotic potential

Back 41

capacity for population growth under ideal conditions

Front 42

intrinsic rate of increase

Back 42

rate at which the population of a species would grow if it had unlimited resources

Front 43

evironmental resistance`

Back 43

factors that limit growth of populations

Front 44

carrying capacity

Back 44

k-maximum pop of a species that a habitat can sustain

Front 45

logistic growth

Back 45

rapid exponential increase in pop followed by steady decrease until pop levels off.

Front 46

density dependant factors

Back 46

predation, parasitism
disease, competition for mates+resources

Front 47

density independent factors

Back 47

weather, fire, pollution, habitat loss, flood, catastrophies

Front 48

r-selected species

Back 48

porduce many offspring, few survive, numbers remain small

Front 49

k-selected species

Back 49

long life spans, produce later in life, small number of offspring

Front 50

patters of population size

Back 50

-stable
-irrupt
-cyclic
-irregular

Front 51

ecological succession

Back 51

gradual change is species composition

Front 52

primary succession

Back 52

gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where there is no soil or bottom sediment

Front 53

secondary succession

Back 53

a series of species and organism develop in a place containing soil or bottom sediment

Front 54

Factors contributing to human pop growth

Back 54

-expansion into new habitats
-agriculture feeds more people
-medical technology & sanitation

Front 55

Most populated countries

Back 55

-China- 1.3 bill
-India- 1.1 bill
-USA- 300 mill

Front 56

fertility rate

Back 56

number of children born to a woman during her lifetime

Front 57

cultural carrying capacity

Back 57

optimum sustainable population

Front 58

total fertility rate

Back 58

average number of children born to a woman in a population during their reproductive years