Unit 2: Acoustic Phonetics

Front 1

Maximum perceptual distinctiveness and maximum ease of production means to make sounds that are easy to distinguish from other sounds while using the least amount of effort to make them. T or F

Back 1

True

Front 2

____ is the aural perception of perturbations, or disturbances, called 'pressure waves' transmitted thru an elastic medium.

Back 2

sound

Front 3

___ is an area of compressed air molecules followed by an equivalent area of uncompressed (rarefied) air molecules. An ongoing sound consists of a series of compression/rarefaction waves.

Back 3

sound wave

Front 4

____ is any medium in which the molecules, if disturbed, tend to return to their normal or resting state.

Back 4

elastic medium

Front 5

The _____ is a constant in any given elastic medium, assuming that the density and temperature of the medium remain constant.

Back 5

speed of sound

Front 6

350 m/s for the speed of sound is applicable to the ___.

Back 6

standard temperature & pressure (30 degrees C, pressure at sea level, 0% humidity).

Front 7

___ are frequency (Hz), amplitude (dB SPL or watts/cm2), duration (ms).

Back 7

physical properties of sound

Front 8

___ are the sound waves produced in the vocal tract. Perceptually, are pitch and overtones.

Back 8

frequency, (Hz) is also the rate of the back and forth motion, in cycles per second.

Front 9

Loudness is perceptually correlated to ___.

Back 9

amplitude (dB SPL & intensity level), and is also the distance displaced from equilibrium.

Front 10

The softest sound that we can hear is at ___.

Back 10

0 dB

Front 11

___ is perceptually the length of time a sound is sustained.

Back 11

duration

Front 12

___ is air at rest, absence of sound, and context for sound.

Back 12

silence

Front 13

Burst release, clicks, plosives, ejectives, and implosives are ___ sounds of speech.

Back 13

simple aperiodic

Front 14

Frication, fricatives, aspiration, breathiness are ___ sounds of speech.

Back 14

complex aperiodic

Front 15

Speech has no example of ___ sounds.

Back 15

simple periodic

Front 16

Vocal fold vibrations and overtones, voiced sounds and filtered sound qualities are ___ sounds.

Back 16

complex periodic

Front 17

Since ____ and ____ are independent, the sounds produced in the laryngeal system and the vocal tract can occur in various combinations.

Back 17

phonation and articulation

Front 18

Phonation and articulation coordinating temporally in a variety of ways are called ___.

Back 18

VOT (voice onset timing)

Front 19

___ is silence and simple aperiodic sound (i.e. clap/flap).

Back 19

unvoiced stops

Front 20

___ is silence, simple aperiodic, and complex aperiodic sound.

Back 20

unvoiced, aspirated stop (+VOT with a period of silence, burst w/ aspiration).

Front 21

___ is complex periodic and simple aperiodic sound.

Back 21

voiced stop (non-audible, soft burst), pbalding

Front 22

____ is a complex periodic and complex aperiodic sound.

Back 22

voiced fricatives (vocal fold vibration with frication such as church, judge, zoo.)

Front 23

____ is complex periodic, simple aperiodic, complex aperiodic sound.

Back 23

voiced affricates (burst release, frication, vision), church, judge.

Front 24

___ is a mathematical rep of alternating pulses of compression/rarefaction shown on a graph of amplitude (dB SPL) and time (s or ms).

Back 24

waveform

Front 25

The maximum height of a waveform shows the greatest degree of compression in a cycle of rarefaction and is a measure of the amount of energy present in the sound is ____.

Back 25

amplitude (dB SPL) vs. time (s or ms)

Front 26

The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch sound. The higher the amplitude, the louder it is, and the more intensity. T or F

Back 26

True

Front 27

___ is a graph showing the amplitude of each component frequency of a complex periodic sound on a scale of Hz vs. dB (SPL).

Back 27

spectrum (x-axis: Frequency Hz, y-axis Amplitude dB in SPL)

Front 28

___ are pure tones each having a different frequency and amplitude.

Back 28

harmonics

Front 29

A spectrum is calculated by using the ___.

Back 29

Fourier Analysis (The Fourier Analysis is a mathematical formula that provides a way to tease apart the elements of complex sound: frequencies (Hz), amplitudes (dB), and phases (s).

Front 30

"Given any periodic motion having a fundamental frequency n, the same motion can be reduced to one particular set of simple harmonic motions of suitable amplitudes and phases whose frequencies are n, 2n, 3n, etc."

Back 30

Fourier's Theorem

Front 31

What is the highest amplitude and the lowest frequency harmonic in a harmonic series (Fourier series)?

Back 31

The first harmonic, f0, or the fundamental frequency.

Front 32

Fourier's Theorem means: the sum of the component simple sine waves equals the complex wave because all of the component waves in a complex periodic wave have frequencies that are ___ of the fundamental frequency.

Back 32

integer multiples

Front 33

____ is a computer program that runs a formula that reduces any periodic waveform (no matter how complex) to a series of simple sine waves each of which has its own amplitude and frequency.

Back 33

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

Front 34

In a spectrum, the sum of the component waves equals the complex waveform. T or F

Back 34

True

Front 35

If the waveform is complex and periodic, the spectrum will show ____ ___ with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, they are called harmonics.

Back 35

component waves

Front 36

___ is composed of an infinite series of harmonics, each has frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency and a specific amplitude.

Back 36

spectrum

Front 37

Phonation is the complex, periodic sound produced in the ___ tract.

Back 37

laryngeal

Front 38

The amplitudes of the series of harmonics decrease at the rate of __ per octave.

Back 38

12 dB

Front 39

____ explains how the three systems of speech production work together.

Back 39

Source-Filter Theory by Dr. Fant

Front 40

__ are when amplitude of frequencies that the filter will not pass.

Back 40

attenuated

Front 41

In source-filter theory, The air flowing through the vocal tract starts to ___ at different frequencies bc of the length and diameter of the cavities.

Back 41

reverberate (called resonances or formant frequencies).

Front 42

In source-filter theory, the harmonics in the voiced sound source that are closest to the ___ of the vocal tract will become amplified while the others become attenuated.

Back 42

formant frequencies

Front 43

Formants can be plotted on a ___, as the harmonic frequencies of phonation can be. Each shape of vocal tract can product a different set of these.

Back 43

spectrum

Front 44

With formant frequencies, on a spectrum, the harmonics remain at some frequencies, but some of the harmonics now have a higher amplitude than they did when they emerged from the larynx. Showing damped or amplified peaks.

Back 44

True

Front 45

The spectrum can show the combination of the sound source (voicing of the larynx) and the filter effects (formants of the vocal tract). This demonstrates that phonation and articulation are operating independently. T or F

Back 45

True

Front 46

When harmonic frequencies and formant frequencies equals BOTH frequencies occuring simultaneously, this is called the ___ of the vocal tract.

Back 46

filtering effect

Front 47

___ is a formula that uses the amplitude peaks of a sound's spectrum and derives a predicted set of formant frequency values for the sound. This is shown in a smooth curve that is overlaid on the sound source spectrum. Otherwise, formant frequencies can be directly calculated from physical measurements of the vocal tract cavities (length and cross-sectional diameter) with special formulas.

Back 47

Linear Predictive Coding (LPC)

Front 48

__ are sound waves produced in the vocal tract as air flows through and reverberates or resonates within the various cavities.

Back 48

formants

Front 49

Harmonics with frequencies closest to the ___ will be amplified as they pass through the vocal tract.

Back 49

formant frequencies

Front 50

Our ears are very sensitive to the first, two, or three formants, we use them to distinguish the different speech sounds. T or F

Back 50

True

Front 51

___ have more distinct formants than voiceless sounds.

Back 51

voiced sounds

Front 52

___ have more distinct formants than consonants.

Back 52

vowels

Front 53

Harmonic frequencies can change ___ of formant frequencies and vice versa.

Back 53

independently

Front 54

The spectrum shows us all the details of phonation and articulation. The only exception is that it doesn't have a time dimension. T or F

Back 54

True

Front 55

Speech is a ___ phenom, and we need to study how phonation and articulation change over time.

Back 55

temporal

Front 56

___ is a period of voicelessness after the release of an articulation and before the start of the voicing for the vowel, as in the English word pie. The symbol is a raised h. The vocal folds are apart and the glottis is open. This action is caused by air rushing through a very narrow glottis, glottal frication.

Back 56

aspiration

Front 57

The major difference bw pairs of words is in the vowel length, and not the voicing of the final consonants. T or F

Back 57

True

Front 58

The vowel is much shorter before the voiceless consonants than it is before the voiced consonants. Such as caP (voiceless) and baG (voiced). T or F

Back 58

True

Front 59

___ is the release of a plosive by lowering the soft palate so that air escapes through the nose, as at the end of the word hidden. | this mark is under the last consonant, instead of a vowel, hiddN.

Back 59

nasal plosion, there is also a lateral plosion such as battL.

Front 60

___ is a stop made with a pulmonic airstream mechanism such as in English p or b.

Back 60

plosive

Front 61

uh-oh, a-ha are examples of a ___ , and the symbol is a question mark without the period.

Back 61

glottal stop

Front 62

0 is under the transcribed phoneme is devoiced, and v is voiced. T or F

Back 62

True

Front 63

Under the transcribed phoneme, breathy voice is .. and h. Creaky voice is ~ T or F

Back 63

True

Front 64

___ is the time at which voicing starts with respect to the release of a stop closure or the burst release of an oral stop and the onset of phonation.

Back 64

VOT (voice onset timing)

Front 65

Oral stop consonants has +VOT, and none for fricatives and nasal stops. +VOT on syllable-initial unvoiced stops. T or F

Back 65

True

Front 66

Aspiration (+VOT) following a stop consonant is audible because the vocal tract has opened to release the stop closure. Sound is once again coming out of the mouth following the complete occlusion of the oral cavity. T or F

Back 66

True

Front 67

The lips, tongue, alveolar ridge, velum, vocal folds are the structures that produce a ___. In speech they produce: burst release, click, plosive, ejective, and implosive.

Back 67

simple aperiodic sound

Front 68

The space bw the vocal folds is a ___.

Back 68

glottis

Front 69

___ is a stop made with an ingressive glottalic airstream, is made with an egressive glottalic airstream.

Back 69

implosive, ejective, respectively.

Front 70

The labiodental, interdental, bilabial, alveolar, alveopalatal are structures that produce a ___. In speech they produce: vocal fold vibration overtones such as voiced sounds and filtered sound qualities.

Back 70

complex periodic sound

Front 71

___ is a glottal frication caused by air rushing through the glottis.

Back 71

aspiration

Front 72

Waveform allows us to calculate the sound source: periodic/aperiodic, burst/frication, voicing/no voicing. Shows us how amplitude changes over time louder sounds are vowels, softer sounds are consonants. But tells us nothing about formants. T or F

Back 72

True

Front 73

Spectrum (voiced sound source) allows us to measure harmonics and estimate formants simultaneously, but tells us nothing about changes over time. T or F

Back 73

True

Front 74

___ is a graph that strings together a series of spectra and allows us to see how amplitude, frequency can change over time.

Back 74

spectrogram (spectrawave)

Front 75

This graph looks like a 3-D topography map called a ___.

Back 75

waterfall spectrogram

Front 76

___, is a 2-D graph with x=time, y=frequency, and gradient is amplitude. The darker the gray scale, the louder.

Back 76

spectrogram

Front 77

Aperiodic sound, frication, consonant sound on a spectrogram looks scratchy, random. T or F

Back 77

True

Front 78

The ___ highlights formants and tells us about articulation.

Back 78

wideband

Front 79

The ___ highlights harmonics and tells us about phonation.

Back 79

narrowband

Front 80

___ is a graph that has y = frequency, x = time, shows articulation changing (intonation).

Back 80

pitch contour

Front 81

___ is a graph that has y = amplitude, x = time, shows energy change over time, sounds that are loudest (most energy), longest (most duration) and evidence of VOT.

Back 81

energy contour

Front 82

Phonation is the ____ sound produced in the laryngeal tract.

Back 82

complex periodical

Front 83

____ is a psychological attribute of sound frequency perceptually quantified by a listener.

Back 83

pitch