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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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aught |
0 |
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bigger # |
bigger suture |
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what is the max size for a suture |
7 |
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true or false. sutures can go smaller than zero |
True; put number in front of zero |
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what is the smallest size of suture |
11-0 |
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absorbable sutures |
dissolves with time |
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non-absorbable sutures |
does not dissolve or only after a really long amount of time |
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memory |
how flexible a suture material is |
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PDS (polydioxanone suture) |
a lot of memory, harder to make a knot |
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silk |
no memory, easy knot |
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knot dyed |
colored to be able to see when suturing |
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is Cat gut suture absorbable |
yes, absorbs in 7-14 days |
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how long do PDS sutures take to absorb |
180 days |
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are staples, silk sutures, and thin metal absorbable |
no |
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surgery |
muscle, SQ (close dead space), skin suture; decreases dehinsence |
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Post- Op |
TCTC rules |
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Neuter |
prevent prostatitis, reduce congential problems, prevent testicula cancer, perianal tumor prevention |
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laparotomy |
flank incision |
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what is a celiotomy and why are they performed |
entering the abdominal cavity, foreign body, tumors, etc. |
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what instruments are needed for a laparotomy |
Balfour retractor laparotomy sponges warm fluids |
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what position is a patient in for a laparotomy |
dorsal |
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what is another name for laparotomy |
celiotomy |
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what are the borders for a laparotomy |
xiphoid to prepuce |
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how is a laparotomy closed, and what is the post op |
same a spay |
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AAFCO stands for |
Association of American Feed Control Officials |
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what is the purpose of the AAFCO |
sets standards for wording of labels and ingredients |
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what is the purpose of a food label |
the primary display shows what animal it is for and brand |
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ingredients |
shows what makes up the food |
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information panel |
ingredients |
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why is protein the 1st ingredient in dry food |
better quality |
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dry food should be what percentage of moisture |
10% |
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what percentage of water should canned food have |
70% |
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what nutrient do cats need more of |
protein |
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why can't cats have a high carb diet |
they will get fat |
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feed instructions |
tend to be higher and not account for treats, etc |
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what are the reasons to study nutrition |
enhance patient health throughout all life stages maintains pet quality of life provides therapeutic support following disease or injury elevate overall quality of veterinary practice |
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what does good nutrition provide for an animal |
energy |
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what are teh six categories of nutrients |
proteins fats carbohydrates water vitamins minerals |
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what are the three macronutrients |
proteins fats carbohydrates |
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what is the most important nutrient |
WATER |
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what are the 2 micronutrients |
vitamins and minerals |
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what is essential for survival |
water |
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what does water do for the body |
facilitates cellular reactions transport medium for nutrients controls body temperature facilitates digestion by hyrdolysis takes away the waste products |
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how is water lost daily in an animal |
urine fecal respiration vomiting |
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consumption must compensate what |
water in food metabolic water drinking water |
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what do proteins do |
function as enzymes, hormones, carry substances |
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what do carbs provide |
energy, used to maintain and repair cell structure |
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what is the purpose of fat |
store energy, make up cell membrane, form compounds like cholesterol fatty acids make energy need essential fatty acids (from plants/animals) |
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what 2 things are soluble |
sugars and starches |
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what are the 5 types of fibers |
pectin lignin cellulose mucilage gum |
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what is the purpose of fibers |
helps digestion, gut bacteria needs fiber (plant product) |
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how are carbs stored |
stored as glycogen or fat |
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sugars |
glucose (simple sugar) |
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what is the primary form of carbohydrate used by the body's cells for energy |
glucose |
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what is fructose |
fruit sugar |
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what is lactose |
only significant animal carbohydrate glucose + galactose |
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what is sucrose |
table sugar glucose + fructose |
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what does polysaccharide mean |
many sugar molecules |
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what are the 4 polysaccharides |
starch glycogen dextrins dietary fiber |
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what are the 3 stages of labor |
stage 1 - nesting stage 2 - full dilation, entry of first fetus into birth canal, rupture of membranes, birth stage 3 - passage of placenta |
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how long is stage one of labor |
last 36 hours before birth (small animal) |
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what are some signs of stage 1 |
anxious, panting, licking vulva, shiver, drop in temperature toward end of stage |
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delivering litter should be about how long |
30 min - 1 hour |
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what are some reasons to go to the vet during labor |
more than 2 hours between puppies foul odor vaginal discharge present |
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true or false: dogs can pass a placenta after each pup |
true |
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how long can it take for a placenta to fully pass |
several hours to a day |
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will you usually see the placenta |
no cat/dog will usually eat |
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how many placentas for a cow/horse |
1 |
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what should the owner be told to look for |
signs of stages always better to have medical help |
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travelling with pregnant animal |
blankets, careful when picking up BRING LITTER WITH |
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cesarean delivery (c-section) |
delivery of a fetus or fetuses by incision through the abdominal wall |
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what suture pattern should be used on the uterus with a c-section |
2 layer inverted suture pattern and 2nd is imposing |
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c-section with spay |
en bloc: clamp uterus/ovaries and remove with puppies still inside so techs take puppies out or can be performed normal way |
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reasons for c-section |
fetus too large maldeveloped faulty pelvic presentation of fetus small pelvic canal insufficient dilation uterine inertia |
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which breed of dog commonly have dystocia |
english bulldog |
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planned vs emergency |
planned is cheaper, talk with vet, scheduled in day, monitored emergency is expensive |
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what is needed for a c-section |
intruments (normal Sx pack, bulb syringe) towels (keep pups warm) box for neonates doxapram (sublingual) as resp enhancer rub on them/sling pup feed tube (neg. pressure if in stomach w/ syringe) |
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prep of dam |
shave prior to anesthesia don't pre-med popofol good anesthetic sevoflurane sometimes used |
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recovery |
wake quick, analgesic (meloxicam/ rimadyl) introduce to pups quickly once dam is fully awake send home soon to bond |
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care of neonate |
place pups on warm place (heat blanket, rice socks, warm fluid bag, snuggies, towels) |
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what reverses opiods |
naloxone (to wake up faster) epi: vasocontrictor (stop bleed in umbilical jump start heart) |
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what is the home care for the umbilical cord
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no home care needed |
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what are some things to make sure of for care of neonates |
mammary glands of mother are clean neonates nurse ASAP make sure mother is fully awake and caring for neonates before leaving them alone |
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what are the 3 primary methods for treating dystocias in large animals |
mutation and delivery by traction fetotomy c-section |
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what is the most common procedure to resolve dystocia |
mutation and delivery by traction |
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what is mutation |
changing th epostion of the fetus so that it can be delivered |
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what is fetotomy |
if the fetus is dead and cannot be delivered by mutation and traction, one or more cuts to the fetus to amputate portions |
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what are some reasons for a c-section in large animal |
fetus too large size of female prohibits vaginal manipulations failure to dilate vaginal prolapse fetal emphysema (dead, partially autolyzed fetus) fetus too malformed (fetal monster) planned termination of pregnancy, before term, to save life of dam |
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what is a calf-jack |
instrument used to pull calf out of mother |
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what is a calf saw/knife |
cut dead or calf that's too big to get out |
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how are c-sections performed on bovines |
standing, left flank incision, pull calf out (80 - 120 lbs) |
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what is the treatment for calves |
same as puppies or kittens, rub or compression to breathe |
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how are c-sections performed on horses |
ventral midline incision, dorsal recumb., general anesthesia |
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when should a c-section done on equine |
only in life threatening situation or if can afford |
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is it common to do a c-section on horses |
no has less than 30% success rate |
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is it common for a horse to twin |
no rare, less than 7%, c-section is needed if mare twins |
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what is red-ball |
vaginal prolapse |
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how is red-ball treated |
pack with sugar and wrap to decrease swelling to allow to push back in |
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what is the birth weight of a foal |
200-400 lbs |
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what is a caslicks |
suture material to suture vulva opening leaving small opening to urinate about 1-1.5" |
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what is a wound |
created when an insult, either purposeful or incidental disrupts the normal integrity of the tissue |
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what is a purposeful wound |
Sx incision, vaccinations |
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what is an incidental wound |
snake bite, scratch, etc |
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what are the 4 stages of healing |
inflammatory debridement repair maturation(depends on size) |
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when does inflammatory stage of healing start |
immediately after wound blood clots, platelets come in |
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when does stage 2 of healing start |
within 6 hours of wound WBC (monocytes/macrophages) enter wound |
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when does stage three begin |
with in 3-5 days after wound fibroblast and granulation tissue appear, wound begins to have strength |
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when does stage 4 start |
with in 3 weeks after the wound collagen comes in to form scar, can take weeks to years to complete depending on size of wound) |
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what are some things that can delay healing |
age malnourished poor protein production kidney and liver disease corticosteriods certain disease (diabetes mellitus) immune status |
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which heals slower bigger or smaller wounds |
bigger wounds |
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blood supply affects healing in what way |
low blood supply slows healing |
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1st degree burn |
superficial, confined to outermost layer of skin red/painful, recovers on its own |
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2nd degree burn |
partial thickness dermal injury can have fluid-filled blisters |
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3rd degree burn |
full thickness of dermis; thick, leathery, sometimes black dead dermis (escher forms over burn), can require skin graphs |
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4th degree burn |
can affect muscles, require skin graphs and reconstruction, large area, critically ill, and require intensive care to survive |
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what are the types of wounds |
puncture degloving decubitus ulcers recumbent patients |
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puncture wounds |
cause infection, pus, abcess need lavage, explore surgically if needed, drain put in |
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degloving |
skin peeled away require skin graphs usually, clean area |
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decubitus ulcers |
usually thinner animal lies on hard surface for long time (pressure sores) |
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recumbent patient |
get wounds/sores from laying too long (paralyzed patient) |
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proud flesh |
wound produces large/excessive amount of granulation tissue |
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external factors of wound care |
certain drugs (corticosteroids - prednisone) reduce healing radiation reduce healing |
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wound debridement |
clean wound to remove all contamination, surgical removal of tissue if necessary, done under anesthesia |
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layered |
doing it in stages over several days |
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en bloc |
local anesthesia to help with pain and then close |
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enzymatic |
put enzymes in wound to breakdown necrotic tissue |
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clean wound |
after surgery, created under sterile conditions, only skin (not GI) spay/neuter |
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clean-contaminated |
minimal contamination; cutting into GI or bladder surgery |
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contaminated |
heavy contaminated, HBC, bite wound, come to vet quickly after wound |
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dirty |
go to vet days after wound, pus, discharge, etc |
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primary closure |
surgery wound closing with apposition (en bloc example) |
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delayed primary |
abscess wound cleaned up, leave open for couple of days and closed before granulation tissue forms |
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secondary closure |
granulation tissue forms before close infected necrotic wound (third intention) ex: burn wound, deglove injury |
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secondary intention wound healing |
leave wound open and heal on its own ex: cat bite abscess (clean and lavage, give antibiotics) |
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what are some important factors in wound management |
time since injury degree of wound contamination degree of tissue trauma thoroughness of initial debridement blood supply to wound animals physical status wound tension and possibility of closure location of wound |
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which breed of equine are predisposed to lameness |
ponies (big bodies and tiny hooves) |
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sub acute laminitis |
mild caused by ride on hard surface hoof trimmed too short resolved quickly |
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acute laminitis |
little more severe doesn't respond as rapid to Tx coffin bone starts to rotate |
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refractory laminitis |
bad does not respond to Tx/ minimal response digital pulses seen/felt, painful, non-weight bearing |
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early chronic laminitis |
days to months (rotation of coffin bone) |
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chronic active laminitis |
coffin bone rotates/ is unstable can penetrate bottom of sole |
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chronic stable laminitis |
coffin rotated but stabilized through Tx |
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causes of laminitis |
endotoxin induced microthrombosis, alteration to blood flow in hoof |
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what are predisposed factors of laminitis |
grazing in lush pastures, grain overload, inflammation, GI tract, stand on one leg too long (race horses, etc) |
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what is a Tx for laminitis |
trim hoof to try to realign coffin and hoof wall |
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what are the signs of a bruised sole and the Tx |
reddish discoloration rest to recover can turn into abscess |
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Abscesses of the equine hoof |
rupture at any spot (sole, coronet, etc) can detect early with hoof testers clean abscess after it is drained give tetanus shot |
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navicular syndrome |
small feet, low heels, workload, pastern too high necrotic heel, unhealthy tissue cushion short choppy stride indicates syndrome corrective shoes help |
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quittor |
deep-seated sore drain at coronet caused by puncture wound, bruise, chronic inflammation of collateral cartilage |
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cracks |
caused by dry hoof, injury at coronet band, or if hoof is too long Tx: corrective shoes, trim hooves, acrylic fillers, wires along crack to bring together |
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grease heal |
dermatitis veritosa plantar surface usually pastern/fetlock area, sometimes front leg foul smell, greasy clip, wash, antiseptic, owner education |
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stringhalt |
involuntary flexion of hock as animal moves forward one or both limbs degenerating nerves cause this Tx: remove part of lateral digital extensor tendon |
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bowed tendon |
caused by severe strain on superficial or deep flexor tendon sheath separate from tendons cause hemorrhage in sheath, tendon tears sometimes usually front limb |
