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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Properties of Water Unit 2 |
Cohesion (and Adhesion) of water molecules Moderation of Temperature Ice is less dense than liquid water Water is the universal solvent |
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Property #1: Cohesion Unit 2 |
Tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together |
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Adhesion Unit 2 |
Tendency of two different kinds of molecules to stick together |
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Hydrogen Bonds Unit 2 |
Give water a high surface tension |
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Surface Tension Unit 2 |
A measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid |
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Capillary Action Unit 2 |
the ability of a liquid to move through narrow spaces against the force of gravity |
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Property #2: Moderation of Temperature Unit 2 |
B/c of hydrogen bonds, water has a greater ability to resist temperature change than other liquids |
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Heat Unit 2 |
Energy associated with movement of atoms and molecules -more movement = higher heat |
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Temperature Unit 2 |
Measurement of the intensity of heat |
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What happens to heat when hydrogen bonds form? When they break? Unit 2 |
-Heat is released when they form -Heat must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds |
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Specific Heat Unit 2 |
amount of heat needed to raise temperature of 1g of substance by 1ºC |
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Property #3: Ice is less dense than liquid water b/c... unit 2 |
...of hydrogen bonding When water freezes, each molecule forms a stable hydrogen bond with its neighbors -Hydrogen bonds no longer break/reform -As ice crystals form, molecules are less densely packed than in liquid water --B/c ice is less dense than water, it floats |
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Hydrogen Bonds in Ice unit 2 |
Hydrogen bonds are stable |
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Hydrogen Bonds in Liquid Water unit 2 |
Hydrogen bonds constantly break and reform |
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Property #4: Water is Universal Solvent *Define Aqueous Solution* unit 2 |
water is the solvent |
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Why is water such a great solvent? (water molecule structure) unit 2 |
Results from polarity of its molecules Polar or charged solutes dissolve when water molecule surround them |
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Hydrophilic unit 2 |
water loving -compound has some charge, so attracted to water |
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Hydrophobic unit 2 |
water fearing -compound has no charge, so not attracted to water -doesn't dissolve in water |
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Covalent Bond Hydrogen Bonding (unit 2) |
Strongest chemical bond Two atoms share one or more valence electrons -form a molecule |
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Electronegativity |
attraction (pull) for shared electrons |
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Nonpolar Covalent Bonds |
Pull of atoms in bond are equal ex. H2, CH4 |
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Polar Covalent Bonds |
Pull of atoms in bond are different More electronegative atom pulls harder ex. H2O |
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Water Molecule Structure: (-) charge side |
oxygen end of molecule
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Water Molecule Structure: (+) charge side |
hydrogen end of molecule |
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Hydrogen Bonds |
Weak attraction btw: -partially positive hydrogen atom of one polar molecule AND -the partially negative region of another polar molecule |
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Organic Organic Macromolecules |
carbon based molecule |
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Inorganic Organic Macromolecules |
non carbon based molecules |
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Carbon Molecule Structure |
4 main biomolecules built around atom -can bond to 4 other atoms |
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Monomers |
Building blocks for polymers |
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Macromolecules Polymers |
-gigantic (carbs, proteins, or nucleic acids) molecules -joined small molecules in chains |
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Dehydration Reaction |
links monomers together to form polymers by removing water molecule |
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Hydrolysis |
reaction that breaks polymers apart by the addition of water |
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Organic Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates Structure + Functino |
-range from small simple sugars (monomers) to large polymers of sugars -Main energy source/energy storage molecules |
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Monomers - Monosaccarides Monosaccarides can be joined together to form... |
simple sugars -disaccarides -polysaccarides |
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Glucose |
Most common monosaccharide |
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General formula of monosaccharides |
Some multiple of CH2O |
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Photo of a Monosaccharide |
...... |
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Disaccharides |
Two monosaccharides (monomers) bonded in a dehydration reaction ex. sucrose, maltose, lactose |
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Polysaccharides Function? |
Carbohydrate polymers (macromolecules) -composed of thousands of monosaccharides -Energy storage molecules and Structural compounds |
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Examples of Energy Storage Polysaccharides |
Starch -energy storage for plants
Glycogen -energy storage for animals |
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Examples of Structural Polysaccharides |
Cellulose -main component in plant cell walls -fiber
Chitin -used to build exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, ext.) -in cell walls of some fungi |
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Organic Macromolecule #2: Lipids -Structure |
-Diverse group of compounds -Mostly hydrophobic -Consist mainly of C and H atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds -Not large macromolecules - no polymers |
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3 Groups of Lipids |
1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids |
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3 Groups of Lipids: 1.) Fats -Structure + Function (How did they become that structure?) |
Function: long term energy storage Structure: glycerol molecule + fatty acids (3) -linked through dehydration reaction
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Saturated Fatty Acids -Structure What does the chain look like? |
All single bonds btw carbon atoms in hydrocarbon chain -Max # of H atoms attached to C atoms -No kinks/bends in chain |
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids -Structure What does the chain look like? |
Have 1 or more double bond btw C atoms in hydrocarbon chain -Not max # of H atoms attached -Kinks/bends in chain |
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3 Groups of Lipids: 2.) Phospholipids -Structure + Function |
Function: major component of cell membrane Structure: similar to fats -Similar: Two fatty acids attached to glycerol -Different: Phosphate group in place of 3rd fatty acid -Hydrocarbon chains at one end and a phosphate group at the other
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3 Groups of Lipids: 3.) Steroids -Structure + Function |
Structure: Lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings Function: Part of cell membrane (cholesterol) -Hormones (testosterone) |
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Organic Macromolecule #3: Proteins |
-Involved in nearly every function in the body -Very diverse -Composed of a common set of 20 amino acid monomers |
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Protein Monomers -Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic? -Structure |
Monomer = amino acid -can be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic Made up of central C atom bonded to: -An amino group -Carboxyl group (makes it an acid) -Hydrogen atom -Chemical group ("R") - determines properties
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Protein Polymers -Structure |
Polymers = amino acid monomers linked together by dehydration reaction -Polymer = polypeptide |
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Shape of a Protein Determines What? |
Its specific function |
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Protein's Functions |
1) Structural 2) Contractile 3) Defensive 4) Signaling 5) Receptor 6) Transport 7 Storage 8) Enzymes |
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Organic Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids -Monomer Name + Structure |
Monomer = nucleotide Made up of: 1. 5-carbon sugar 2. Phosphate group 3. Nitrogenous base
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ATP |
energy for cell |
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Nucleic Acids: Bases |
DNA: TACG
RNA: UACG *U replaces T* |
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DNA and RNA Polymer Name |
Polynucleotide |
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Definition and Function of Enzymes |
Biological organic catalysts -Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells |
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What is a Catalyst? |
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
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What is Ea? |
Ea is activation energy |
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What is Activation Energy |
the energy required to start a chemical reaction |
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Substrate |
reactant(s) of enzyme catalyzed reaction (a reaction that has been sped up by enzymes) |
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What do enzymes provide for the reactants of a chemical reaction?
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They provide the site for the reactants to react |
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What is an Active Site? |
The site on an enzyme where a reaction occurs |
