Kari's Unit 1 Test

Front 1

Heteroloboseids is

Back 1

A brain eating amoeba

Front 2

Bacteria & Archaea mass

Back 2

10 times greater than all eukaryotes

Front 3

What 2 organelles evolved from prokaryotes?

Back 3

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Front 4

2 main branches of prokaryotes evolution are?

Back 4

Bacteria and Archaea

Front 5

Shapes: spheres, rods, and helical are named what?

Back 5

Cocci, bacilli, spirilla

Front 6

Nearly all prokaryotes have a _____ external to the plasma membrane

Back 6

Cell wall

Front 7

Cell walls in prokaryotes have what 3 functions?

Back 7

1 maintain cell shape

2 afford physical protection

3 prevent bursting in hypotonic environments

Front 8

________ is a cell wall made of sugars linked with polypeptides

Back 8

Peptidoglycan

Front 9

Archaea cell walls contain _______&______ but lack peptidoglycan.

Back 9

Polysaccharides proteins

Front 10

Gram positive bacteria have a _______ layer of peptidoglycan and will stain the color _________.

Back 10

Thick, purple or blue

Front 11

Among pathogens, gram ___________ are more threatening than gram __________.

Back 11

Negative, positive

Front 12

What makes gram negative bacteria more threatening?

Back 12

Lipopolysaccharides are toxic (their otter most layer)

Outer membrane protects against host defenses

Greater resistance to antibiotics

Front 13

_________ inhibits xlink formation and interferes with cell wall function

Back 13

Penicillin

Front 14

Protective layer that is dense and well defined is a _______

Back 14

Capsule

Front 15

Protective layer that is NOT well defined or organized is a _________

Back 15

Slime layer

Front 16

Capsules and slime layers are sticky to help with what 2 things?

Back 16

1 form colonies

2 protection from dehydration and shield from pathogens

Front 17

Some prokaryotes use ______, hair like appendages, to stick together.

Back 17

Fimbriae

Front 18

Some bacteria can withstand harsh conditions by forking resistant cells called ________ when they lack essential nutrients.

Back 18

Endospores

Front 19

In a heterogenous environment many prokaryotes are capable of ______ or directional movement. 2 examples are ____&_____

Back 19

Taxis, chemotaxis, phototaxis

Front 20

3 major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Back 20

Prokaryotes...

1 lack compartmentalization by internal membranes

2 have unfolded regions on plasma membrane

3 smaller, simpler genomes. Many w/ plasmids

Front 21

Certain antibiotics such as _________ and ___________ bind to prokaryotes ribosomes and block protein synthesis.

Back 21

Erythromycin, tetracycline

Front 22

Of bacteria, Archaea, and eukarya which have a nuclear envelope?

Back 22

Eukarya only

Front 23

Of bacteria, Archaea and eukarya which have membrane enclosed organelles?

Back 23

Eukarya only

Front 24

Of bacteria, Archaea and eukarya which have peptidoglycan in the cell wall?

Back 24

Bacteria only

Front 25

Of bacteria, Archaea and eukarya which respond to antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol?

Back 25

Growth usually inhibited in bacteria but not in Archaea or eukarya

Front 26

Growth is prokaryotes refers to increase in _________ size

Back 26

Population

Front 27

Horizontal gene transfer facilitates rapid evolution by doing what?

Back 27

Bringing DNA of different species together

Front 28

What are the 3 mechanisms that prokaryotes use for gene transfer?

Back 28

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation

Front 29

Transformation

Back 29

Cells take up genes from surrounding environment

Front 30

Transduction

Back 30

Viruses transfer genes from one prokaryote to another

Front 31

Conjugation

Back 31

Direct transfer of genes from one prokaryote to another

Front 32

Phototrophs

Back 32

Use light energy

Front 33

Chemotrophs

Back 33

Energy from chemicals in environment

Front 34

Autotrophs

Back 34

Need only CO2 (inorganic)

Front 35

Heterotroph

Back 35

Require at least one organic nutrient

Front 36

Photoautotrophs

Back 36

Photosynthetic organisms use light energy to drive synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 (plants, algae)

Front 37

Chemoautotrophs

Back 37

Need only CO2, but oxidize inorganic substances for energy (H2S, NH3, Fe+2)

Front 38

Photoheterotrophs

Back 38

Use light for energy, obtain carbon in organic form

Front 39

Chemoheterotrophs

Back 39

Consume organic molecules for energy & carbon (protist, fungi, animals, some parasitic plants)

Front 40

Majority of prokaryotes are classified as what energy classification?

Back 40

Chemoheterotrophs

Front 41

Obligate aerobes

Back 41

Use O2 for cellular respiration & cannot grow without it

Front 42

Obligate anaerobes

Back 42

Poisoned by O2 and may use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Front 43

Nitrogen fixation

Back 43

Converts N2 to ammonia (NH3) only biomechanism that makes atmospheric N2 available to organisms

Front 44

Photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation occur in different cells within the colony of _________

Back 44

Anabaena

Front 45

Cooperation may occur in surface coatings known as _________

Back 45

Biofilms

Front 46

Exotoxins

Back 46

Proteins secreted by prokaryotes (ex botulism)

Front 47

Endotoxins

Back 47

Lipopolysaccharides components of the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Released when bacteria die.

Front 48

The taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy is called a ______

Back 48

Taxon

Front 49

Monophyletic group is a ________

Back 49

Clade

Front 50

Paraphyletic groups consist of ancestral species but not all the _______

Back 50

Decendants

Front 51

Polyphyletic group consists of various species that ______ a common ancestor.

Back 51

Lack

Front 52

The clade Excavate is characterized by its _________

Back 52

Cytoskeleton

Front 53

Euglenozoans clade main feature is

Back 53

A spiral or crystalline rod inside the flagella

Front 54

Kinetoplastids

Back 54

Single large mitochondria with DNA mass called kinetoplast

Front 55

Euglenids are often mixotrophs meaning they _________

Back 55

Combine photosynthesis and heterotroph nutrition

Front 56

______ clade is a extremely diverse clade defined by DNA data

Back 56

SAR

Front 57

Stramenopiles are a group of _______ _______ that includes some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on earth.

Back 57

Marine algae

Front 58

__________ are unicellular algae with unique glass like walls made of hydrated silica.

Back 58

Diatoms

Front 59

_________ characterized by color that results from yellow and brown carotenoids.

Back 59

Golden algae

Front 60

__________ are the largest and most complex algae.

Back 60

Brown algae

Front 61

___________have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane.

Back 61

Alveolates

Front 62

_____________ are characterized by their 2 flagella.

Back 62

Dinoflagellates

Front 63

An example of a apicomplexans is _________

Back 63

Malaria

Front 64

__________ are a large varied group of protists named for their use of Cilla to move and feed

Back 64

Ciliates

Front 65

Archaeplastida is a supergroup that includes _________, ______, and _______

Back 65

Red algae, green algae, land plants

Front 66

________ are reddish in color die to an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin that masks green of chlorophyll

Back 66

Red algae

Front 67

Of the two groups of green algae, is charaphytes or chlorophytes closer related to land plants?

Back 67

Charaophytes

Front 68

Are plasmodial slime molds diploma or halpoid organisms?

Back 68

Diploid

Front 69

Are cellular slime molds diploid or halpoid organisms?

Back 69

Halpoid

Front 70

Single filament of a fungi is a ________ but a network forms the _________.

Back 70

Hyphae, mycelium

Front 71

Cell walls of fungi are built of ________

Back 71

Chitin

Front 72

Some fungi are _______ where the hyphae is not divided called coenocytic fungi.

Back 72

Aseptate

Front 73

Parasitic fungi have modified hyphae called ________ that penetrate host tissue.

Back 73

Haustoria

Front 74

Some mycelium have become genetically heterogenous through the fission of 2 hyphae with genetically different nuclei, called _________

Back 74

Heterokaryon

Front 75

Plasmogamy is

Back 75

The fusion of 2 parent cytoplasms

Front 76

Karyogamy is

Back 76

Fusion of halpoid nuclei

Front 77

Phylum Chytridomycota characteristics

Back 77

Uniflagellated spores, mainly aquatic

Front 78

Phylum Zygomycota characteristics

Back 78

Forms mycorrhizae, ex black bread mold

Front 79

Phylum Glomeromycota characteristics

Back 79

Arbuscular mycorrhizae (tree looking structures) mutualistic relationship with plants

Front 80

Phylum Ascomycota characteristics

Back 80

Sac fungi, like morel mushrooms

Front 81

Phylum Basidiomycota characteristics

Back 81

Have fruiting bodies, ex shelf fungi

Front 82

A mushroom is a ____________

Back 82

Basidia

Front 83

Molds are rapidly growing, __________ reproducing fungi.

Back 83

Asexual

Front 84

Some molds have no known sexual stage, ______________

Back 84

Deutermycetes (imperfect mushrooms)

Front 85

Most molds reproduce asexually using _________

Back 85

Budding (simple cell division)

Front 86

_______ are often mistaken for mosses.

Back 86

Lichens

Front 87

Lichens are actually a symbiotic relationship between a ___________ and a _________, and is not truly a single organism.

Back 87

Cyanobacteria or algae, fungi

Front 88

Mycorrhizae refers to ______ _______

Back 88

Fungus roots

Front 89

Almost all ______ _______ have mycorrhizae.

Back 89

Vascular plants

Front 90

_______ is the name for a fungal infection in an animal.

Back 90

Mycosis

Front 91

Systemic mycoses are fungal infections that shows throughout the body usually from _______ _______

Back 91

Inhaled spores

Front 92

First animal fossils are ________ years old

Back 92

560 million

Front 93

Nearly all major body plans appear in ________ period rocks.

Back 93

Cambrian

Front 94

What caused the Cambrian explosion?

Back 94

1 new predator-prey relationships

2 change in O2 levels

3 variations in HOX genes

Front 95

What are the 4 key evolutionary branch points?

Back 95

1 presence or absence of tissue

2 body symmetry

3 evolution of body cavities

4 protostome-deuterostome dichotomy

Front 96

Except for sponges, animal embryo becomes layered through process of ________

Back 96

Gastrulation

Front 97

Embryo contains concentric layer of tissue called ________ ________

Back 97

Germ layers

Front 98

Outer germ layer is called

Back 98

Ectoderm

Front 99

Inner germ layer is called

Back 99

Endoderm

Front 100

Animals with 2 germ layers are

Back 100

Diploblastic

Front 101

Animals with 3 germ layers are

Back 101

Triploblastic, has additional mesoderm

Front 102

Triploblastic animals without body cavity between gut and outer body wall are called ________. Example is______

Back 102

Acoelomates, Flatworms

Front 103

Pseudocoelmate

Back 103

If a cavity is not completely lined with mesoderm

Front 104

Coelomates

Back 104

Animals with true coelom

Front 105

Coelomates can be broken into 2 developmental modes which are:

Back 105

Protostome and deuterostome

Front 106

Protostomes have cleavage that is _______, determinate cleavage. Each cell already has a ______ in embryo.

Back 106

Spiral, plan

Front 107

Protostomes coelom forms when mesoderm splits, called ________ development.

Back 107

Schizocoelous

Front 108

In protostomes the ________ develops from the blastopore.

Back 108

Mouth

Front 109

Deuterostomes have ________ indeterminate cleavage.

Back 109

Radial

Front 110

Deuterostomes mesoderm from the wall of archenteron hollows out to become _______ _______. This is __________ development.

Back 110

Coelomic cavity, enterocoelous

Front 111

Deuterostomes _______ forms from the blastopore and the _______ develops from a secondary opening.

Back 111

Anus, mouth

Front 112

Review graphics

Back 112

Front 113

All animals share a common _______

Back 113

Ancestor

Front 114

Sponges are ________ animals.

Back 114

Basal

Front 115

Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with _______ _________.

Back 115

True tissues

Front 116

Most animal phyla belong to the clade ___________

Back 116

Bilateria

Front 117

There are ____ major clades of bilaterian animals.

Back 117

3

Front 118

Bilateria clade deuterostomia is the only clade to include both ________ and ___________.

Back 118

Invertebrates, vertebrates

Front 119

Bilateria clade ecdysozoa include animals that _______ _______ as it grows.

Back 119

Sheds exoskeleton

Front 120

Bilateria clade lophotrochozoa refers to two different features observed in some members of this clade, lophophore and trochophore ________.

Back 120

Larva

Front 121

The phylum poriferia include __________

Back 121

Sponges

Front 122

Sponges feed by watery entering ______ called spongocoel into the central cavity and out through the __________.

Back 122

Pores, osculum

Front 123

Phylum cnidaria, an ancient phylum of eumeatzoa, include _______, _______, ________, and _________.

Back 123

Hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals

Front 124

Phylum cnidaria have body plans containing sac with ______________ cavity and single opening.

Back 124

Gastrovascular

Front 125

Phylum cnidaria have 2 variations of body plans. Sessile polyp plans in ______, ______, and ________. Floating medusae in _________.

Back 125

Hydra, sea anemones, corals. Jellyfish

Front 126

Tentacles lined with cnidocytes contain _______ _______.

Back 126

Stinging capsules (nematocysts)

Front 127

4 classes of cnidaria include: Hydrazoa which most alternate between _____ and ______ form. Scyphozoa which includes jellyfish and _______ form pervails. Cubozoa which are box shaped organisms with complex eyes in the ______ form. Anthozoa which includes sea anemones and coral and are ______ form only.

Back 127

Polyp, medusa, medusa, medusa, polyp

Front 128

Phylum ctenophora include _______.

Back 128

Tentafors

Front 129

Phylum platyhelminthes are_______

Back 129

Flatworms

Front 130

Simple excretory apparatus to remove excess liquid in planarians are called ________

Back 130

Flame cells

Front 131

The class trematodes are flukes, which are _________ _____ __________.

Back 131

Parasites on animals

Front 132

Class cestoda are _______

Back 132

Tapeworms

Front 133

Phylum nemertea are _______ or _______ ________.

Back 133

Ribbon or proboscis worms

Front 134

Pseudocoelmate are known for a body cavity that's _is/is not_ completely lined with ________.

Back 134

Is not, mesoderm

Front 135

Pathenogenesis can reproduce with just _________

Back 135

Females

Front 136

All 3 phyla of lophophorates (phoronida, ectoprocta, brachiopda) share common lophophore which is _________ ________ or circular fold of body wall with ________ tentacles around the mouth.

Back 136

Horseshoe shaped, ciliated

Front 137

Phoronids are ____________

Back 137

Tube dwelling marine worms

Front 138

Bryozoans are

Back 138

Moss animals

Front 139

Brachiopods are ____________

Back 139

Lamp shell organisms

Front 140

Phylum mollusca includes chitons, snails, ______, clams, octopi, and _________.

Back 140

Slugs, squids

Front 141

3 main parts of a mollusca organism are:

Back 141

Muscular foot, visceral mass (contains internal organs), mantle (usually secretes shell)

Front 142

Class polyplacophora include chitons which are known for oval shells divided into _______ dorsal plates

Back 142

8

Front 143

Class gastropoda include ______ & ________ and are known for torsion when one side of the visceral mass grows faster.

Back 143

Snails and slugs

Front 144

Class bivalvia including clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops have early ________.

Back 144

Eyes, can determine dark from light

Front 145

Class cephalopoda include _______&_________

Back 145

Squids, octopi

Front 146

Cephalopods are the only mollusks with ________ circulatory systems, _______ of a shell, and ________ eyes.

Back 146

Closed, lack, developed

Front 147

Phylum annelida are ______ ________

Back 147

Segmented worms

Front 148

The 3 classes of annelids are oligochaeta (ex. _________), polychaeta (ex. _________ with parapodia), and hirudinea (ex. ______)

Back 148

Earthworms, tube dwelling worms, leeches

Front 149

__________ is the foundation for specialization of body regions.

Back 149

Segmentation

Front 150

___________ phylum characteristics include segmentation, hard exoskeleton, and joint appendages.

Back 150

Arthropod

Front 151

Living arthropods have 3 major lineages: chelicerata, myriapoda, and hexapods & crustacea known as ____________.

Back 151

Pancrustaceans

Front 152

Chelicerata include spiders & ________

Myriapoda include milipedes & ______

Pancrustaceans include insects & ___

Back 152

Scorpions, tics, mites

Centipedes

Crabs, lobsters, shimp, barnacles

Front 153

The only arthropods with 2 antenna are __________

Back 153

Crustacea

Front 154

Hexapoda (insects) key to success was ________

Back 154

Flight

Front 155

Insects have 3 body regions:

Back 155

Head, thorax and abdomen

Front 156

Thorax of insects have _____ pairs of walking legs.

Back 156

3

Front 157

Insects have _______ circulatory system. So they have _________ _________ for gas exchange to outside through pores called spiacles.

Back 157

Open, tracheal system

Front 158

Phylum echinodermata (deuterostomes) have _______ _________ systems and tube feet.

Back 158

Water vascular

Front 159

Echinodermata include sea stars (asteroidea), brittle starts (ophiuroidea), ___ ________ (echinoidea), sea lilies (crinoidea), and ___ __________ (holothuroidea).

Back 159

Sea urchins or dollars

Sea cucumbers

Front 160

Chordata phylum has _____ subphlya of invertebrates and _____ subphlylum of vertebrates.

Back 160

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