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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Christopher Columbus |
Mis-named the Americans "Indians" |
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John Cabot |
-Italian, sailed for England because no Englishman were talented -Found so many cod in Newfoundland's Grand Banks they could be caught by a basket -Thought Indians would be great slaves |
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Jacques Cartier |
-Sent by French King Francis I to find a passage to the Orient for spices -Traded with Iroquois for furs at Stadacona -He planted the cross to claim the land for France and used it as a navigational landmark -Took Donnacona's two sons to Europe -Called the land "Kanata" because Donnacona's sons called their village that -Explored as far as Hochelaga (Montréal) -Was in a hurry to get back to the ocean after his 2nd trip because he was risking being frozen in until spring -Got snowed in near Stadacona -Scurvy killed many of his men, but a cedar elixir (black cedar tea) cured their disease -Took several Indians to France as proof |
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Donnacona |
-Chief of Kanata -Was taken to France by Cartier during his 2nd voyage -Died in France |
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Henry Hudson |
-Had experience from sailing through Russia's northern seas and travelling to Greenland -Explored the Hudson Bay for England and King James I -Wanted to find a Northwest passage -Was kicked off the ship by his crew members because he wanted to continue exploring, despite hostile and icy sea conditions |
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James Cook |
-Discovered the West Coast of Canada in 1778 -Found people in a land called Nootka -Traded any metalware, then pewter plates for women |
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Samuel De Champlain |
-Known as the father of New France -Led an expedition to the St. Lawrence in 1608; whoever controlled it controlled the main route into the continent -Built a new post in Québec City, "where the river narrows" -27/100 of his men stayed the first winter -8 of his men survived after scurvy -Established trading ties with Algonquin and Huron -Went with Hurons to kill Iroquois chiefs, used gunfire -Québec didn't thrive and remained a trading post |
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What is a common element in all Native creation myths? |
Nature and animals |
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What was the Salish view of creation? |
They crossed a frozen body of water |
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What may have been the pattern of settlement in North America |
West to South to East to North |
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What is significant about the grave site found in Labrador? |
One of the oldest grave sites in the world |
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How did the Old Man (Napi) create the Blackfoot people? |
-From mud -They were separated -Men were stinky and dirty -Women threw rocks at them -Were eventually attracted to each other and mated |
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What do legends say the Old Man gave the Blackfoot people? |
-Buffalo -They could get anything from the buffalo |
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How did the route that the Inuit followed into Canada differ from that of other Native peoples? |
They came by sea from the West and settled where survival was difficult |
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Who populated the Americas? |
Migrants from Asia |
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When do people think the first Indians came to North America? |
50,000 BC |
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How many miles wide is the Bering Strait? |
60 miles |
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What region of the world did the native Canadians come from? |
The area Northeast of India |
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What region of the world did the Inuit come from? |
Eastern Siberia |
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What are 3 similarities nearly all Aboriginal people of the Americas share? |
-Physical resemblance -Belief in the mystic -Abiding sense of sanctity toward the land |
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How long after Europeans came to the Americas did the Métis appear? |
9 months after the first white man set food in Canada |
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According to the government, what is one of the most important privileges of an Indian? |
Remain an Indian and retain their special status and cultural heritage, unless they give it up voluntarily |
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What is the white man's curse upon the Indians? |
Liquor |
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What groups may have come to the Americas before the Norse? |
Libyans from Africa, Irish monks from Europe |
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How did Canada get its name? |
• Kanata - village • "Aca nada" - "here is nothing" in Spanish; no gold • Can a day - French settlers; 1 can of spruce beer daily |
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Why did Europeans scalp Indians? |
-The governor of New Netherlands wanted Indians killed -Proof of death -Getting paid for it |
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What 3 reasons did the Europeans give for killing the Beothuk? |
-They started taking European fishing gear -Europeans wiped out Beothuk villages to steal their furs -It became a sport |
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Why do Europeans like to buy used beaver skins? |
They were broken in and softer |
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What was the primary source of food for the Great Plains First Nations and how did it affect their way of life? What did they use for transportation? |
-Bison -They needed to travel to eat bison -Had a more mobile lifestyle (ex: tipis) -Canoe, foot, or used dogs to haul their supplies |
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What was the primary source of food for the Northwest Coast First Nations and how did it affect their way of life? What did they use for transportation? |
-Fish -Food was always in the nearby ocean -They had permanent housing close to their food -Large dugout boats that could carry many people |
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What sources do the explanations of the origin of the First Peoples come from? |
-Archaeology -Anthropology -Genetics -Linguistics -Each community's account of its own history |
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Define oral tradition |
A collection of prayers, stories, and songs that express a community's history, customs, beliefs, and values |
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Whose cultural traditions are based mostly on oral tradition? |
The cultural languages of the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities |
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In what form are all stories best understood? |
Their original language |
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How has the Land Bridge theory been challenged in recent years? |
Radiocarbon dating of objects from archaeological sites does not support or refute the theory |
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How do some archaeologists believe early ocean travellers migrated to North America? |
Moving from island to island in the Pacific until they reached South America |
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How does the Solutrean theory propose the First People arrived in North America? |
-They came from western Europe during the Ice Age -They migrated west and south along the southern edge of the Atlantic ice cap, fishing and hunting along the way |
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What do DNA studies suggest about the origin of human beings? |
We all descended from a group of Africans about 60,000 years ago |
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How long would it take for Europeans to reach all 3 shores of Canada? |
300 years |
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What was the "real European dream"? |
A passage to China |
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What happened on each of Jacques Cartier's 3 voyages? |
• First Voyage (1534) - explored the gulf of St. Lawrence • Second Voyage (1535) - Stadacona, Donnacona • Third Voyage (1541) - Returned with instructions from the French King to start a colony on the St. Lawrence |
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Explain the colonization on the St. Lawrence |
-Sieur de Roberval was selected to head up the colony -Travelled in 2 groups with Cartier leaving first -Cartier built a fort called Charlesbourg-Royal and spent the winter of 1541-42 there -Cartier left in the spring and the colonists arrived after he had left. They spent the winter of 1542-43 in the fort. After a few months, when spring arrived, they too left |
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What effect did the killing of Iroquois chiefs have on Huron-French relations? What effect did it have on Iroquois-French relations? |
-Alliance -Mortal enemies for 100 years until peace is made |
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Why did the interaction between the Europeans and Native Peoples change? |
The Europeans began to desire higher profits and dominate the Native Peoples |
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Before 1492, why did Europeans come to North America? |
They wanted to fish; Newfoundland's Grand Banks were full of cod |
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How did the European fisherman first come in contact with the Native inhabitants of North America? |
-When they went to Canadian shores to dry and salt fish for preservation -They spotted each other and later began small-scale trade |
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What types of goods were first traded between the Native Peoples and the Europeans? |
-Native Peoples traded furs and food -Europeans traded knives, mirrors, needles, plates, etc. |
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Who was sent from England to settle the St. Lawrence River? |
David Kurk and his 2 brothers |
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What were explorers first looking for in North America? |
A passage to Asia |
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Who created the Hudson's Bay company? |
King Charles II granted his cousin, Prince Rupert, the royal charter for all the lands around the Hudson Bay for trapping |
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Why were forts created? |
To make the Indian trappers feel obligated to bring furs to them |
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How did the French become involved in the fur trade? |
When they studied British trading tactics and sent agents into the interior of Canada to establish trading posts and form alliances with Indian nations |
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What role did the Huron Peoples play in the fur trade? |
-The middlemen -They bought furs from other Indians around the Great Lakes and Northern St. Lawrence and sold them to the French |
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What caused the destruction or Huronia? |
Competition for trade routs and enmity between the Hurons and Iroquois |
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Who were the Coureurs du bois? |
-"Runners of the Woods" -Engaged in the fur trade without permission from French authorities -Learned the way of the woods from First Nations people |
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Why did the French become underdogs in the fur trade? |
• Struggle for domination of the fur trade: -The British controlled the sea and coastal regions of North America; higher advantage -British technology was more advanced and they received greater profits for cheaply-produced goods -The structure of French society |
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What was the Northwest company and what happened to it in 1821? |
-A major French trading company -It was absorbed by the Hudson's bay company |
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How did Russian fur traders come to Canada? |
Through the Bering Strait |
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What was the name of the Russian fur trading company? |
Russian American Company |
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How did the fur trade affect the lives of the Indian Peoples? |
It made them dependent and no longer self-sufficient |
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Worldview: Spiritual Beliefs |
• French - Pope was more important than the king • British - King was defender of faith over the Pope • Aboriginal - There was a creator who made the world, and there were gods in almost everything |
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Worldview: Moral Beliefs |
• French - Men > Women • British - Men > Women • Aboriginal - Men = Women |
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Worldview: Social Beliefs
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• French - Authoritarian society: those in lower classes stayed there • British - Status based on land ownership and heredity • Aboriginal - Status comes from service in the community |
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Worldview: Intellectual Beliefs |
• French - Children were taught both at formal schools and at home • British - Formal school was very important, especially to the higher classes • Aboriginal - "Classroom" was informal; children learned from parent and adult observation |
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Worldview: Economic Beliefs |
• French - A centralized monopoly was necessary for survival • British - Competition and profit • Aboriginal - Creator provides all needs |
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Worldview: Political Beliefs |
• French - Elites made decisions • British - Democracy • Aboriginal - Consensus for decisions |
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Why did they decide to colonize New France? |
-By 1660 the French colony on the St. Lawrence was in a desperate situation -Population was about 2000 -Southern European colonies grew larger -Louis XIV was the King of France (Sun King) -In 1663, the Company of Hundred Associates gave up its charter and was replaced by a Royal Government |
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What were the 3 steps to colonizing New France? |
1. Making New France safe from Iroquois attacks 2. Making New France attractive to settlers 3. Encouraging early marriages and large families |
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How was New France made safe from Iroquois attacks? |
-1665 battle-hardened French soldiers were sent there -In 1667 they made peace, thus opening the way to attract settlers to New France |
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How was New France made attractive to settlers? |
-Soldiers were given land and 18 months of full pay while they cleared their land grants -More than 400 soldiers and officers remained -There was a shortage of women in the colony of marriageable age -King brought "filles du roi" or "daughters of the king", volunteers and orphans who came to marry |
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How were early marriages and large families encouraged? |
• Law of 1670 stated: -1-10 children families = 300 yearly livres -12+ children families = 400 yearly livres -All males who marry before 20 and all females who marry before 16 will receive 20 livres from the King on their wedding day; AKA the King's gift • People with the largest families were given special privileges -A man who married one of the King's daughters received free livestock, money, and 2 barrels of salt meat -A special pew in the settlement's churches |
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How many people were living in New France by 1760? |
70,000 people |
