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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Robert Koch's 4 Postulates
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1. Recognize
2. Isolate 3. Demonstrate 4. Recover |
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Who is Robert Koch?
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German physician who developed techniques for cultivating and staining and proved the germ theory.
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When was Robert Koch active?
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Late 1800's
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What are the exceptions to Koch's postulates?
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1. Carrier State/Opportunistic
2. Fastidious Cells 3. Species Specific Pathogens 4. Opportunists in weakened hosts 5. One disease caused by multiple pathogens. 6. One pathogen can cause multiple diseases. |
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Examples of exceptions to Koch's 1st postulate
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1. Carrier state
a. gonorrhea b. hep B c. AIDS 2. Same disease caused by multiple pathogens a. nephritis b. meningitis c. pneumonia 3. One pathogen that causes more than one disease a. Strep pyogenes - strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever and impetigo. |
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Exceptions to Koch's Second Postulate
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1. Fastidious - hard to grow in lab, viruses, rickets, chlamydias
2. Opportunist in weakened host - bacterial ear infection following viral infection (not a pure culture) 3. Same disease caused by variety of pathogens - nephritis, meningitis, pneumonia |
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Exceptions to Koch's Third Postulate
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Species specific pathogens - Human cholera versus hog cholera
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Who the hell was Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek?
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A Dutch merchant who ground lenses and discovered microscopic living creatures (animalcules)
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When did Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek work?
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Late 1600's
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What is the theory of spontaneous generation?
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The theory which postulated that life can grow from inorganic substances.
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Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and when did they do so?
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Louis Pasteur, late 1800's
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What theory did Pasteur develop?
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Biological theory of fermentation.
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What the hell is the biological theory of fermentation?
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The biological theory of fermentation postulates that a specific microbe produces a specific change in the substance on which it grows. - Example - wine spoilage by a specific microbe that creates fermentation. **
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What did the biological theory of fermentation lead to?
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Pasteurization of course. - Destroys organisms that change the flavor of wine.
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What is the theory of biogenesis?
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Life at every level, must be self reproducing, not spontaneous.
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Who is Joseph Lister?
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A surgeon in the late 1800's who first used a septic technique.
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What was Lister's aseptic technique?
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Phenolic solutions (carbolic acid) There is no longer carbolic acid in Listerine.
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Who the hell was Edward Jenner and when did he live?
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A man credited with developing small pox vaccine using cow pox virus after observing milk maids resistance to small pox.
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What is the definition of microbiology?
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The study of small life.
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What are six types of microbes?
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1. Bacteria - procaryote - lack nucleus
2. Fungi - eucaryote 3. Viruses - acellular - infectious particles 4. Protozoa - eucaryote 5. Archaeans - procaryote 6. Some algae - eucaryote |
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Please name two procaryotes.
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1. Bacteria
2. Archaeans |
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Please name three eucaryotes.
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1. Fungi
2. Protozoa 3. Some algae |
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What the hell is an infection?
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Microbes on or in your sexy body.
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What is an infectious disease?
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A more damaging relationship between microbes and other living things.
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Define disease please.
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Lack of health.
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What is a prion
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A proteinaceous infectious particle, or prion, is an infectious agent composed primarily of protein.
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Who proved the germ theory?
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Robert Koch
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What are the three types of infectious diseases?
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1. Organism mediated - microbe causes damages - Example, Strep pyogenes, causes strep throat.
2. Toxin mediated - microbe makes toxin, toxin causes damage. Example, Clostridium tetani (tetanus) 3. Antibody mediated - microbe stimulates a host defense mechanism and antibodies attack host. Example: Strep pyogenes (rheumatic fever) |
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What are SEVEN organelles of eucaryotic cells?
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1. Nucleus (DNA, chromosomes) (at least one nucleolus)
2. Nucleolus - Helps form ribosomes 3. Endoplasmic reticulum - smooth, nutrient processing and molecule storage. 4. Golgi apparatus - proteins, packaged, transported and released. 5. Mitochondria - energy production. ATP (has it's own DNA) (Self replicating) 6. Lysosomes - enzymes break up large molecules. 7. Chloroplasts - plants and algae. |
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What is Brownian Movement
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Random movement.
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Please name the three basic bacterial shapes
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1. Spherical cocci
2. Rod bacilli 3. Spiral spirilla |
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Please explain the basis for the gram stain
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Empirical method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups.
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How is the gram stain used?
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1. Biochemicals determine which biochemicals are necessary
2. Which antibiotics should be used. 3. |
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What are two types of gram stains samples?
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1. Direct smear - from patient.
2. Culture smear? ** |
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Why do Gram-positive cells stain purple?
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Peptidoglycan makes up as much as 90% of the thick, compact cell wall, which is the outermost cell wall structure of Gram + cells.
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Why do Gram-negative cells stain pink?
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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
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What are three components of gram stain morphology?
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1. Color (Gram stain reaction)
2. Shape 3. Arrangement? ** |
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
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To provide a wall that only lets certain things in and out.
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What is the function of a nucleus?
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The nucleus controls all functions of the eucaryotic cell. Encoded on the DNA are the "instructions" that the cell needs to create all its proteins (enzymes), hormones and others) and to direct the cells functions.
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What is the function of the nucleolus?
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Plays a part in forming ribosomes.
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What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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Nutrient processing and large molecular storage.
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
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To package and move proteins to the cell membrane where they are released.
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What is the function of the mitochondria?
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Energy production (ATP) - has it's own DNA (Lacey Peterson)
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What is the function of the lysosomes?
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To breakup large molecules from enzymes. - add water molecule
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What is the function of the chloroplasts?
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To convert light energy into energy that can be stored in the plant as ATP by photosynthesis
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What is the function of ribosomes?
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To make proteins.
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What is the function of nucleic acid?
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To form DNA and RNA.
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What is a plasmid?
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An extra chromosomal circlet of DNA. (Not on a chromosome)
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What are three types of RNA?
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1. mRNA
2 tRNA 3. rRNA |
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What has a cell wall?
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Plants and bacteria. (animals don't)
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What are two types of pili?
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1. Sex! - transfer DNA from one bacteria to another.
2. Common (fimbrae) short hair like projections to enable cells to stick to smooth surfaces. |
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What are flagella?
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Thread like projections providing cell motility.
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What are glycocalyx?
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Capsules surrounding cell walls which enable certain bacteria to resist and/or adhere to environmental surfaces.
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What are endospores?
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A dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain Gram-positive bacteria.
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What are the "essential ingredients" of osmosis?
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Definition
Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. The definition contains three important statements: Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. It does not matter too much which order you put these statements in. Nor does it matter if you write the definition as one sentence or three sentences. All that matters in your exam is that you make all three points when you explain what osmosis is. |
