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40 Cards in this Set
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Estates |
1st - Roman Catholic Church formed First Estate- owned 10% of the land in France; provided education & relief services to the poor & contributed 2% of its income to the gov. 2nd - made up of rich nobles- nobles owned 20% of the land & paid almost no taxes; majority of the clergy & the nobility scorned Enlightenment ideas as radical notions that threatened their status & power as privileged persons **Both: had privileges- access to high offices & exemptions from paying taxes, weren’t granted to the third 3rd - 97% of people belonged to this state- three groups made up this estate |
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Third Estate |
*First group- the bourgeoisie, middle class: bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, & skilled artisans - well educated & believed strongly in the Enlightenment ideals of liberty & equality- paid high taxes and lacked privileges- felt their wealth entitled hem to a greater degree of social status & political power *Second group- poorest group formed by the workers of France’s cities - tradespeople, apprentices, laborers & domestic servants- paid low wages & frequently out of work, went hungry often - mobs of these workers might attack grain carts & bread shops to steal what they needed of the cost of bread rose *Peasants formed the largest group- over 80% of France’s 26 million people -- they paid about half their income in dies to nobles, tithes to the Church, and taxes to the king’s agents - paid taxes on basic staples like salt; they resented the clergy & nobles for their privileges & special treatment - heavily taxed & discontented Third Estate was eager for change |
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Louis XVI |
Indecisive and allowed matters to drift; weak leader of France |
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Marie Antoinette |
Wife of Louis XVI who spent lots of money; part of the royal family of Austria; unliked and manipulative towards Louis XVI and spend a lot of money on jewels and items; Madame Deficit |
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Estates General |
An assembly of representatives from all 3 estates, to approve this new tax on nobility |
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National Assembly |
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, a clergyman- leading spokesperson, suggested that the Third Estate delegates name themselves this & pass laws & reforms in name of French people; delegates of Third Estate agreed to this idea by a overwhelming majority; June 17, 1798- voted to establish the National Assembly, in effect proclaiming end of absolute monarchy & beginning of representative gov. - first deliberate act of revolution; 3 days later, Third Estate delegates= locked outside meeting room- broke down a door to an indoor tennis court, pledging to stay until they had drawn up a new constitution- Tennis Court Oath |
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Tennis Court Oath |
Third Estate delegate broke down a door to an indoor tennis court, pledging to stay until they had drawn up a new constitution |
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Maximilien Robespierre |
Slowly gained power; "Republic of Virtue" was to wipe out every trace of Frances history; closed churches in Paris; changed calendar; governed France as dictator; period of his rule was the "Reign of Terror;" killed anyone he saw as a threat |
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Reign of Terror |
Maximilien Robespierre & his army are in control. They start killing everyone who doubts them |
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Napoleon Bonaparte |
created the French Empire |
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lycée |
gov.-run public schools that were open to male students of all backgrounds- set up by Napoleon |
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Napoleonic Code |
gave country a uniform set of laws & eliminated many injustices, but it limited liberty & promoted order & authority over individual rights. It restored slavery in French colonies of Caribbean |
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Battle of Trafalgar |
battle against Britain at sea- their navy was too strong, so Napoleon lost this battle
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blockade |
a forcible closing of ports |
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Continental System |
Napoleon’s blockade that was supposed to make continental Europe more self sufficient. It also intended it to destroy Great Britain’s commercial & industrial economy |
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guerrilla |
bands of Spanish peasant fighters |
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Peninsular War |
the war between Spain and France. This weakened the French Empire |
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Invasion of Russia (1812) |
Napoleon’s biggest mistake. He wanted to invade Russia, but they pulled back |
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scorched-earth policy |
this involved burning grain fields & slaughtering live-stock so as to leave nothing for the enemy to eat |
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Battle of Waterloo |
Napoleon moved to Moscow after Russia fell back, but the city was burned 7 days later. Attacked by Russian raiders while on their journey back to France. Much of his army was killed. |
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Hundred Days |
the length of time from Napoleon’s escape from Elba to his defeat at Waterloo |
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Congress of Vienna |
meetings of foreign leaders. 3 goals were to limit democracy, restore monarchs, & establish balance of power |
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Klemens von Metternich |
the leader of the Congress of Vienna, who was a foreign minister of Austria |
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balance of power |
no country in Europe had significantly greater power than others, making France give up territory |
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legitimacy |
if possible, kings & princes deposed by Napoleon were restored |
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Concert of Europe |
not a musical act, instead it was a series of alliances created by Metternich that sought to prevent further warfare |
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Thomas Hobbes |
-Human nature selfish, in “war of all against all” -leave state of nature end chaos & give power to 1 ruler, promises keep order -Lose right to rebel against monarch -Favor absolutism |
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John Locke |
Human nature is blank slate, tabula rasa born w/ “natural rights”=life, liberty & property Choose leave state of nature to protect natural rights Have right to rebel against government if it doesn’t protect natural rights Favors constitutional monarchy People can learn and improve themselves All people born free and equal -People have the right to have the freedom of nature and no one has right to superiority/legislative power -All of our knowledge comes from experience |
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Jean Jacques Rousseau |
Human nature was naturally happy & free, represented in noble savage Society corrupts human spirit & limits freedom Choose leave state of nature to give up some freedoms for good of group as whole Believes in general will & favors democracy |
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Baron de Montesquieu |
Saw Britain as most politically balanced country after Glorious Revolution The Spirit of the Laws (1748) Separation of powers in government (3 branches) Checks & balances limit powers |
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Voltaire |
less focus on state of nature Used satire, essays, drama, other works express his opinions in trouble w/ government of France Humans worst enemies = intolerance, prejudice, superstition Fought for freedom of speech/religion, tolerance, reason “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it” |
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Cesare Beccaria |
Laws are for social order, not to avenge crimes No torture, cruel & unusual punishment Greatest good for greatest number of people |
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Mary Wollstonecraft |
disagreed with Rousseau, women are not secondary to men for education Describe the social and political causes of the French Revolution the Old Regime= the social & political system of France |
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Tennis Court Oath |
the pledge that was forced to be made by the Third Estate delegates. They broke down a door to an indoor tennis court & said they wouldn’t leave until the gov. to draw up a new constitution because they were locked out of the |
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Bastille Day |
July 14, the day where where a mob of people looking for gunpowder and arms stormed the Bastille, a Paris prison. They took control of the building and paraded the streets with dead men’s heads on pike. This day is a great symbolic act of revolution to the French people |
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Great Fear |
People worried that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize peasants. This caused them to break into nobles’ houses & destroy old legal papers that bound them to pay feudal dues. ----October 1789, Parisian women rioted the high price of bread. They marched on Versailles and broke into the palace, killing guards. They demanded that Louis and Marie Antoinette return to Paris. |
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National Assembly |
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, a clergyman- leading spokesperson, suggested that the Third Estate delegates name themselves this & pass laws & reforms in name of French people. They voted to establish the assembly, in effect proclaiming end of absolute monarchy & beginning of representative gov. This became the first deliberate act of revolution |
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Reign of Terror |
This is known as the period of Maximilien Robespierre’s rule. During this time, him & his army killed anyone who had doubt in him. |
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Three Great Mistakes |
Russia invasion (scorch earth policy) Peninsular War (attack Portugal, Spanish guerrilla- stop him) Battle of Trafalgar (Britain navy too strong)
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Describe the goals of the Congress of Vienna and the impacts of its actions
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GOALS Limit Democracy: leaders saw power of Napoleon & terror in France as products of democracy & wanted it stopped Legitimacy: if possible, kings & princes deposed by Napoleon were restored Balance of Power: no country in Europe had significantly greater power than others, making France give up territory Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic united = Kingdom of the Netherlands Switzerland independent Kingdom of Sardinia (island west of Italy) is strengthened by adding Genoa 39 German States are tied together into the German Confederation, dominated by Austria
IMPACT Concert of Europe: not a musical act, instead it was a series of alliances created by Metternich that sought to prevent further warfare peace between countries would remain in Europe for nearly 40 years, and not until Russia acted against a nation outside the alliances (Ottoman Empire) in the Crimean War Instead of fighting each other, Europe was faced with numerous revolutions and wars for independence & unification |
