Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Structural Levels of Organization
|
Molecules - Cells - Tissues - Organ Systems - Body
|
|
|
Homeostasis
|
State of internal balance
Maintenance of stable internal environment must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life |
|
|
Types of Feedback Loops
|
Negative feedback
•most common •Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity, reversing changes back to a normal value •Example Temperature Positive feedback •Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther, stops suddenly least common birth of a baby with uterine contractions, contractions stop with birth |
|
|
Plasma Membrane
|
•Outer boundary of cell
•phospholipid, selectively permeable, bilayer |
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
Inside plasma membrane, where organelles are
|
|
|
Ribosomes
|
•May attach to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm
•Manufacture proteins, protein factory |
|
|
Endoplasmatic Reticulum
|
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
2 types a) Rough ER collects and transports proteins made by ribosomes b) Smooth ER synthesizes chemicals, makes new membrane |
|
|
Golgi Aparatus
|
Called the chemical processing and packaging center
Stores and modifies proteins, then packaging for export Collect chemicals that move from the smooth ER in vesicles |
|
|
Lysosomes
|
Sac that Contains digestive enzymes
Eats microbes |
|
|
Nucleus
|
Controls cell
contains the genetic code-instructions (DNA) for making proteins, which in turn determine cell structure and function |
|
|
Genes Chromosomes, DNA, Nucleotides
|
Chromosomes are the basicHereditary unit
Divided into subunits called genes Genes are composed of DNA, code for building amino acids into proteins. •DNA is composed of subunits called nucleotides (Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine Thymin) |
|
|
RNA
|
In cytoplasm
One stranded Nucleotides: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosin and Uracil Manufactures proteins according to instructions in DNA 3 types: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA |
|
|
Protein Synthesis: Translation
|
2.Translation
•Once in the ribosome, the mRNA needs to be translated so proteins can be built. •This is done by the transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) •The transfer RNA will line up the aminoacids and make the protein, which is then folded into proper shape for that protein. |
|
|
Protein Synthesis: Transcription
|
1. Transcription
• Transfer of info from DNA to RNA • DNA separates into strands and matches up with RNA strands (nucleotide pairing) • Messenger RNA is formed mRNA • mRNA molecules pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they direct protein synthesis in ribosomes and ER |
|
|
Interphase
|
Interphase:
Longest stage Cell prepares for division, DNA replication occurs |
|
|
Prophase
|
• Chromatin granules become organized.
• Chromosomes (pairs of linked chromatids) appear. • Centrioles move away from nucleus. • Nuclear envelope disappears, freeing genetic material. Spindle fibers appear |
|
|
Metaphase
|
• Chromosomes align across center of cell.
• Spindle fibers attach themselves to each chromatid |
|
|
Anaphase
|
• Centromeres break apart.
• Separated chromatids now called chromosomes. • Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of cell • Cleavage furrow develops at end of anaphase |
|
|
Telophase
|
Cell division is completed. Nuclei appear in daughter cells
Nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear. Cytoplasm is divided (cytokinesis) Daughter cells become fully functional |
|
|
Passive Transport vs Active Transport
|
Passive transport
processes do not require added energy Active transport requires energy from ATP, molecule is moved against the concentration gradient |
|
|
Diffusion
|
Diffusion: Movement is from high to low concentration
Substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space. |
|
|
Osmosis
|
Osmosis: It is the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration)
|
|
|
Filtration
|
process of removing suspended solids from water by passing the water through a permeable membrane
|
|
|
Isotonic
|
Isotonic: Concentration is the same inside and outside the cell.Used to replace fluids.
Normal Saline (NS) 0.9% 5% Dextrose (D5 |
|
|
Hypertonic
|
Hypertonic: Concentration outside more than intracellular fluid. Water is drawn out.
Cell shrinks |
|
|
Hypotonic
|
Hypotonic: Concentration outside is less than intracellular fluid. This makes water to draw inside, it swells up and it may burst (lysis)
|
|
|
Metabolism
|
Metabolism: Chemical reactions that occur in body
Catabolsim: break down to more simple compounds Anabolism: building compounds from simpler units |
|
|
Anatomical Position
|
the body is assumed to be standing, the feet together, the arms to the side, and the head and eyes and palms of the hands facing forward
|
|
|
MELANIN
|
Gives skin it's color, produced by myelanocytes which are located in the basal layer of epidermis
|
|
|
LIGAMENT
|
Ligaments – attach bone to bone
|
|
|
TENDON
|
Tendon – attach muscle to bone
|
|
|
Number of Bones
|
Total # of bones 206
Total # of vertebrae |
|
|
AXIAL SKELETON
|
80 Bones, Skull and Thorax
|
|
|
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
|
126 Bones, Upper Extremities and lower Extremities including hip griddle
|
|
|
RED BONE MARROW VS. YELLOW BONE MARROW
|
Red bone Marrow: forms blood cells
Yellow bone marrow: mostly fat (adipose tissue) As we get older we loose red bone marrow and gain yellow bone marrow |
|
|
PARTS OF LONG BONE
|
Diaphysis : Long part / Compact Bone
Medullary cavity: yellow marrow (adults) red (children) Epiphyses:ends of the bone. Spongy bone w/ red bone marrow. Articular cartilage: Covers external surface of epiphyses. Periosteum- strong membrane covering bone except at joint Sharpey’s fibers: Secure periosteum to underlying bone Endosteum-lines medullary cavity |
|
|
BURSAE
|
Small synovial-lined sacs containing a small amount of synovial fluid; located between some tendons and underlying bones
|
|
|
EPIPHESEAL PLATE
|
Bone forming centers. Located at end of long bones. When growth stops can see epiphyseal line in X rays
|
|
|
VERTEBRAE NAMES AND NUMBERS
|
Atlas #1
Axis #2 Cervial (C1-7 ) Thoracic (T1-12) Lumbar (L1-5) Sacral (5 fused - 1 bone) Coccyx (4 fused - 1 bone) Total of 24-26 in Adult 33-34 in Children |
|
|
ISOTONIC VS ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
|
Isotonic contractions
Contraction of a muscle that produces movement at a joint Example: Walking and running Isometric contractions:Do not produce movement Tension increases. Example: pushing a wall, you feel the tension but no movement occurs. |
|
|
PERIOSTEUM
|
strong membrane covering bone except at joint
|
|
|
ENDOSTEOTEUM
|
Endosteum-lines medullary cavity
|
|
|
HAVERSIAN SYSTEM (OSTEON)
|
Osteon (Haversian System)
• Basic unit of bone Central (Haversian) canal: Opening in the center of an osteon. Carries blood vessels and nerves Perforating (Volkman’s) canal: perpendicular canal to the central canal. Carries blood vessels and nerves Lacunae: Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes). Arranged in concentric rings Lamellae: Rings around the central canal. Sites of lacunae Canaliculi :Tiny canals. Radiate from the central canal to lacunae. Form a transport system |
|
|
MUSCLE FIBER
|
basic unit, cell of muscle
Contains filaments: Actin (thin and light),Myosin (thick and dark) Filaments are sorounded by sarcolema. Together actin and myosin filaments form the: Sarcomere = basic contraction Unit |
|
|
MUSCLE ORIGIN AND MUSCLE INSERTION
|
Origin – attachment to a inmoveable bone
Insertion – attachment to an movable bone |
|
|
BONE CELL TYPES
|
Osteoblast: inmmature/embrionic bone cell - creates new bone
Osteocyte: Mature bone cell Osteoclast: destroys/remodels bone |
|
|
SARCOMERE
|
Sarcomere = Actin + Myosin filaments together
Basic contractile unit Separated from each other by dark bands called Z lines Thick and thin myofilaments slide past each other as a muscle contracts |
|
|
STEPS IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION
|
Motor neuron receives stimulus and relases Acetylcholine
The Sarcolema (cell membrane of muscle) becomes permeable to Sodium Action potential travels to the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Calcium is realeased. Calcium moves troponin and tropomyosin so binding sites on actin are exposed.Myosin heads form cross bridges with actin. Myosin heads pull actin filaments together within the sarcomeres and the cell shortens. ATP is used to detach myosin heads Muscle relaxes when stimulation ends and the calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
ACTIN AND MYOSIN
|
Proteins
Form Sarcomere = contraction unit Located in Fibers |
|
|
Skeletal Movements
|
Flexion-bending, Extension-straightening, Abduction-movement away from the midline. Adduction-movement toward the midline, Circumduction- circular motion, Rotation-twisting or turning of a bone on its own axis, Supination- act of turning the palm up or forward, Pronation-turns the palm down or backward, Inversion-turns the sole inward, Eversion-turns the sole outward, Dorsiflexion-foot is bent upward at an angle, Plantar flexion-toes point downward
|
|
|
MUSCLE COVERINGS
|
Endomysium: surrounds one fiber
Perimisium: encases several fibers together, forming a muscle fascicle. (Forms bundle) Epimysium – covers several muscle fascicles (bundles). The epimisium forms the innermost layer of the deep fascia. Tough fibrous sheath that encloses a muscle. Fascia :on the outside of the epimysium |
|
|
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (NMJ)
|
: point of innervation between a nerve ending and the muscle fiber (remember space between them, synaptic space)
|
|
|
NEUROTRANSMITER AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
|
ACETYLCHOLINE
THE RECEPTOR IS A CHOLLINERGIC RECEPTOR |
|
|
Z LINES
|
Sarcomeres are separated by Z lines, when contraction happens, Z lines come closer to each other
|
|
|
MEISSNERS CORPUSCLE
|
receptor capable of detecting light touch
|
|
|
Joint Classification:
FIBROUS CARTILAGINOUS SYNOVIAL |
Fibrous Joints: Synarthrosis or largely immovable.
Cartilaginous Joints :Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable Examples: Pubic symphysis or Intervertebral joints Synovial Joints: Diarthroses: completely movable |
|
|
NAILS
|
•Produced by stratum corneum, kertain makes nail hard
•Visible part is called nail body •Root lies in groove and is hidden by cuticle •Crescent-shaped area nearest root is called lunula •Nail bed may change color with change in blood flow |
|
|
CERUMINAL GLANDS
|
Ceruminal glands: Appocrine
•Found in external auditory meatus •Function to protect the tympanic membrane •Produces cerumen/ Ear wax |
