Unit 1 -Biology

Front 1

Prokaryotic cell

Back 1

A cell with no true nucleus or nuclear meebrane

Front 2

Magnifaction

Back 2

The number of times larger the image appears compared to the actual size of the object being viewed

Front 3

Organelle

Back 3

Specialized structures found within a living cell

Front 4

Resolution

Back 4

The ability to distinguish between objects that are close together

Front 5

Nucleus

Back 5

An organelle found inside a cell which contains genetic infromation

Front 6

Mitochondria

Back 6

An organelle where aerobic respiration takes place

Front 7

Chloroplast

Back 7

A plant organelle where the stages of photosynthesis take place,found in plant cells,photosynthetic bacteria and algae.

Front 8

Prokaryotic

Back 8

Cells are single-celled organism.They are simple structure and do not have nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles.

Front 9

Eukaryotic

Back 9

Cells make up multi-cellular organism such as plants and animals .They are complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Front 10

Plasma membrane

Back 10

Composed of a phospholipid bi-layer,with proteins embedded in the layer.The membrane is selectively permeable and regulates the transport of materials into and out of the cell separates cell contents form the outside environments.

Front 11

Cytoplasm

Back 11

It is a thick,gelatinous,semi-transparent fluid.the cytoplasm maintains cell shape and stores chemical needed by the cell for metabolic reaction.

Front 12

Nucleus

Back 12

The nucleus is the larges organelle and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope.The envelope has nuclear pores which allow the movement of molecules through it.The nucleus contains chromatin.

The nucleus controls/regulates cellular activity and house genetic material called chromatin,DNA and proteins,from which comes the instruction for making proteins.

Front 13

Nucleolus

Back 13

Dense spherical structure in the middle of the nucleolus. The nucleolus make RNA and ribosomes.

Front 14

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 14

Network of membrane bound flattened sacs called cisternae studded with ribosomes. Protein synthesis takes place on the ribosomes and the newly synthesised proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus.

Front 15

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 15

Network of membrane bound flattened sacs called cisternae. No ribosomes.

Front 16

Golgi apparatus

Back 16

A stack of membrane bound flattened sacs.

Newly made proteins are received here from the rough ER.The Golgi apparatus modifies them and then packages the proteins into vesicles to be transported to where they are needed.

Front 17

vesicles

Back 17

Small spherical membrane bound sacs with fluid inside.Transport vesicles are used to transport materials inside the cell and secretory vesicles transport proteins that are to be released from the cell to the cell surface membrane.

Front 18

Lysosomes

Back 18

Small spherical membrane bound sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes.They break down waste material including old organelles.

Front 19

Ribosomes

Back 19

Tiny organelles attached to rough ER or free floating in the cell.They consist of two sub-units and they are not surrounded by a membrane.Protein synthesis occurs at the ribosomes.

Front 20

Mitochondria

Back 20

They have two membranes.The inner membrane is highly folded to form cristae. The central part is called the matrix.

They can be seen as long in shape or spherical depending on which angle the cell is cut at.They are site of the final stages of cellular respiration.

Front 21

Centrioles

Back 21

They are small tubes of protein fibres.They form spindle fibers during cell division.

Front 22

Exocytosis

Back 22

Process of vesicles fusing with plasma membrane and secreting content.

Front 23

Cell wall

Back 23

Made of cellulose forming a sieve-like network.

Protects and supports each cell and the whole plant.

Front 24

chloroplast

Back 24

has a double membrane and is filled with a fluid called stroma. The inner membrane is a continuous network of flattened sacs called thylakoids.A stack of thylakoids is called a granum.

Granum contains chlorophyll pigments. Site of photosynthesis.Light energy is trapped by the chlorophyll and used to produce carbohydrate molecules from water and carbon dioxide.

Front 25

Vacuole

Back 25

Memrane-bound sac in cytoplasm that contains cell sap.

Maintains turgor to ensure a rigid framework in the cell.

Front 26

Tonoplast

Back 26

The partially permeable membrane of the vacuole.

Selectively permeable to allow small molecules to pass through.

Front 27

Amyloplast

Back 27

A double membrane-bound sac containing starch granules.

Responsible for the synthesis and storage of starch granules.

Front 28

Plasmodesmata

Back 28

Microscopic channels which cross the cell walls of plant cells.

Enable transport and communication between individual plant cells.

Front 29

Pits

Back 29

Pores in the cell wall of the xylem.

Allows water to enter and leave xylem vessels.

Front 30

Membrane-bound organelles

Back 30

Organelles surrounded by a phospholipid membrane.

Front 31

DNA

Back 31

Deoxyribonucleic acid,the hereditary material in cells.

Front 32

Cell wall

Back 32

Prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Protects and supports each cell

Front 33

Capsule

Back 33

Slippery layer outside the cell wall or some species of bacteria.

Protects the cell and prevents desiccation.

Front 34

Ribosomes

Back 34

Smaller than ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells.They consist of two sub-units and they are not surrounded by a membrane.

Front 35

Nucleoid

Back 35

The nucleoid is the irregularly shaped region that holds nuclear material without a nuclear membrane and where the genetic material is localised. The DNA forms one circular chromosome.

The nucleoid is the region where generic information can be found and controls cellulose activity.

Front 36

Plasmid

Back 36

Small loops of DNA.

Plasmids carry genes that may benefit the survival of the organism.

Front 37

Complementary base pairing

Back 37

The way in which nitrogenous bases in DNA pair with each other.

A-T or U in mRNA

G-C

Front 38

RNA

Back 38

Ribonucleic acid, a molecule with long chains of nucleotides.

Front 39

Turgor

Back 39

Rigidity of plant cells due to pressure of cell contents on the cell wall

Front 40

Water potential

Back 40

A measure of the ability of water molecules to move in a solution.

Front 41

Gamete

Back 41

One set of chromosomes compared to two sets in the parent cells

Front 42

Haemoglobin

Back 42

Protein molecule in red blood cells. It carries oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body and carbon dioxide back to lungs.

Front 43

Pathogen

Back 43

A micro-organism that can cause disease

Front 44

Ciliated cell

Back 44

Cells within tiny hair-like structures.

Front 45

Lumen

Back 45

The space inside a structure

Front 46

Artery

Back 46

Blood vessel that carries blood away form the heart

Front 47

Sarcolemma

Back 47

Cell membrane of a striated muscle cell

Front 48

Myofibril

Back 48

Basic rod-shaped unit of muscle cell

Front 49

ATP

Back 49

Adenosine triphosphate,an enzyme that transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism

Front 50

Aerobic respiration

Back 50

Respiration with oxygen

Front 51

Hydrolyse

Back 51

A chemical reaction involving breaking down a compound with water.

Front 52

Glycogen

Back 52

Many glucose molecules bonded together and stored i the liver and muscle.

Front 53

Anaerobic respiration

Back 53

Respiration without oxygen

Front 54

Dendrons

Back 54

Extension of a nerve cell

Front 55

mV

Back 55

Millivolts ,a small voltage/potential across a cell membrane.

Front 56

Nodes of ranvier

Back 56

The gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve cell,between Schwann cells

Front 57

Genetics

Back 57

Related to heredity and variation