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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 3 non-branched, nonpolar,alipathic amino acids
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Glycine, Alanine, Proline
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Name 3 branched, nonpolar, alipathic amino acids
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Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine
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Name the nonpolar aromatic amino acid
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Phenylalanine
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Name 2 polar aromatic amino acids
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Tyrosine, Tryptophan
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Name 4 polar, uncharged amino acids
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Asparagine, Glutamine, Serine, Threonine
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Chromatin Structure: Level 1
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DNA double helix ( 2 nm)
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Chromatin Structure: Level 2
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DNA + histones= nucleosomes (11 nm)
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Chromatin Structure: Level 3
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Coiling of nucleosomes + linker DNA to form a 30 nm solenoid (30 nm)
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Chromatin Structure: Level 4
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Solenoid loops attached to non histone scaffold
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Chromatin Structure: Level 5
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Supercoil scaffold giving chromatin thread of various degree of condensation including the mitotic chromosome that is the most condensed form of chromatin
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What is labyrinthitis?
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A condition which is caused by inflammation of the semicircular canals are sense organs involved with balance and movement control
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What is the most common intra-ocular tumor?
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Melanoma. Melanomas may arise in pigmented epithelium of the uvea.
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What is the most common hormonal production of the anterior pituitary gland? which tumor is common here? What structure does this a tumor here put pressure upon?
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prolactin
adenoma Such adenomas can have both pressure effects (on the surrounding bone to produce headache and on the optic chiasm to produce bitemporal hemianopsia) from enlargement and hormonal effects |
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Where are simple, columnar, ciliated epithelial cells mainly located?
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female repoductive tract
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Where are simple, pseudostratified ciliated cells located?
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upper respiratory tract
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Where are stratifed cuboidal epithelial cells located? describe formation?
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glands; two layers containing goblet cells
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Where are non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells found?
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on moist surfaces (esophagus, cornea, sex organs)
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Where are transitional epithelial cells found?
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stretching areas, urinary tract, bladder
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What is the Zonulae adherens composed of?
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E- cadherins, glycoproteins, actin filaments
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What is the Macula adherens composed of?
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desmogleins, E-cadherins, plaque composed of desmoplakins, intermediate filaments
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What adheres epithelial cells to the basal lamina?
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hemidesmosomes
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Name three important locations for a zonula adherens?
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blood-brain, blood-ocular and blood testes barriers
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Describe the assembly of the zonula adherens.
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- cadherins "belt" around cell
- cadherins bind to B-catenins in cytoplasm - this complex associates with actin, rather than intermediate, filaments |
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Describe the assembly of desmosomes.
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- also via cadherins
- connects to keratin, intermediate filaments - in cardiac muscle, connects to desmin, intermediate filaments |
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Describe the assembly of gap junctions.
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- a cluster of connexons connects pairs of transmembrane channels
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Describe the assembly of hemidesmosomes.
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- anchors to keratin, tono, intermediate filaments
- outermembrane integrins bind to laminin filaments on the basal lamina |
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Describe the assembly of cilia.
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- outgrowth from basal bodies
- 9+2 microtubule core, dynein-driven movement - respiratory and reproductive tract |
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Describe the assembly of micovilli
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- core of cross-linked actin filaments extends to a supporting 'terminal web' located below the plasma membrane.
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Describe the assembly of stereocilia.
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- microvilli
- actin core - found in epididymis (sperm maturation) and inner ear (sound transmission) |
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How are exocrine glands classified ( 3 criteria)
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structure (simple, compund), secretory unit (tubular, alveolar, tubuloalveolar), secretory product (serous, mucous, both)
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How does the Na/K ATPase Pump work?
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3 Na out, 2 K in, requires energy ( against both concentration gradients)
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Name some signs of dehydration
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slightly elevated HCT and slight lowered BP
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What is the basic function of dendritic cells?
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Phagocytose microbes in tissue, then travel to lymph nodes (paracortical areas) to present (show) microbial antigens to lymphocytes (T cells) which initiates adaptive immune responses
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What is the basic function of NK cells?
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lymphocytes of innate immunity found in the blood and throughout the body that directly kill microbe-infected cells and secrete cytokines* that activate phagocytes
NK cells act when they detect “changed” or “stressed” cells |
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Where are B cells found in LNs?
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follicles
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Where are T cells found in LNs?
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paracortex
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