Unit 1

Front 1

Cells range in size

Back 1

10^6 micrometres

Front 2

What is a prokaryote

Back 2

This cell is usually smaller in size they are single-celled the DNA is located in the nucleoid region and has no organelles

Front 3

What is a eukaryotes

Back 3

They are usually larger in size often multicelled the DNA is located within the nucleus and it has membrane-bound organelles

Front 4

Cell membrane

Back 4

The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves it is made up of a double layer of phospholipid molecules called phospholipid bilayer

Front 5

Nucleus

Back 5

This organelle is the command center of the cell it contains the cell's DNA it is surrounded by a nuclear envelope which contains nuclear pores a protein lined channel that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It also contains the nucleolus which is the place where ribosomes are made.

Front 6

Cytoplasm

Back 6

The cytoplasm is a gel like substance made up of cytosol and organelles. The cytosol is the liquid portion which consists of mostly water that Contains molecules and ions

Front 7

Nuclear pores

Back 7

Pores in the nuclear membrane large enough to allow macromolecules to enter and ribosomes to leave the nucleus this organelle is found in both plants and animals cells.

Front 8

Chromatin

Back 8

Uncoiled chromosomes determine structural characteristics of cell and how it functions this organelle is found in both animals and plants

Front 9

Ribosomes

Back 9

Tiny two-part structures found throughout the cytoplasm and endoplasmic recticulum that helps put together proteins

Front 10

Rough endoplasmic recticulum

Back 10

stubbed with ribosomes and synthesized proteins

Front 11

Smooth endoplasmic recticulum

Back 11

Synthesized phospholipids and package macromolecules in vessels for transport to other parts of the cell. It also makes lipids

Front 12

Golgi apparatus

Back 12

A sack of water and membrane bound sacs. Receive vessels from endoplasmic recticulum containing enzymes from modifying protein and lipids finished products go to the cell membrane for secretion

Front 13

Mitochondria

Back 13

The powerhouse cell where organic molecules usually carbohydrates are broken down inside a double membrane to release energy and transfer it to ATP

Front 14

Lysozomes

Back 14

A membrane-bound vessel filled with digestive enzymes that break down worn out cells components or material brought into the cell

Front 15

Cytoskeleton

Back 15

A network of three kinds of interconnected fibers that maintains cell shape and allow for movement of cell parts

Front 16

Transport vesicle

Back 16

A small membrane-bound transport sac

Front 17

Central vacuole

Back 17

A very large membrane-bound fluid-filled storage sac that gives added internal support to a plant cell and contains toxic molecules along with water storage

Front 18

Chloroplast

Back 18

A plastid that is used to synthesize or store food it gives green plants their color and performs photosynthesis

Front 19

Cell wall

Back 19

A rigid structure surrounding the cell membrane that protects and supports the cell and allows material to pass to and from

Front 20

Glycoprotein

Back 20

This is a protein and a carbohydrate

Front 21

Glycolipid

Back 21

This is a lipid and a carbohydrate

Front 22

Hydrophobic

Back 22

water hating fatty acid tails and it is non polar

Front 23

Hydrophilic

Back 23

Water loving heads of phospholipid and it is polar

Front 24

What are the four main functions of membrane proteins

Back 24

They are used to transport communicate negotiate and are these structural support of the cell

Front 25

What are the four different types of compounds in a cell

Back 25

Nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates proteins

Front 26

All living organisms are made up primarily from the six types of atoms

Back 26

Carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen silicon and phosphorus

Front 27

Polymer

Back 27

Large molecules formed by identical or similar monomers or building blocks

Front 28

Monomer

Back 28

The individual building block molecule that together make up a polymer

Front 29

Metabolism

Back 29

All the chemical reactions that occur in the cells of an organism

Front 30

Catabolism

Back 30

Chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler forms

Front 31

Anabolism

Back 31

Chemical reaction that builds up substances into more complex forms

Front 32

What evidence is supports the endosymbiotic theory

Back 32

Both chloroplasts and mitochondria and prokaryotic cells contain a single circular chromazone composed of DNA without any protein. D mitochondria and chloroplasts synthesized their own proteins and the ribosomes resemble prokaryotic ribosomes more closely than eukaryote ribosomes. Chloroplasts and mitochondria grow and duplicate there DNA and reproduce. Chloroplast and mitochondria cannot be manufactured by the cell and if they are lost during cell division they are not replaced. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by two separate membranes the outer membrane closely resembles a eukaryote memberane well the intermembrane closely resembles a prokaryote memberane this differs from other organelles which are bound by 1 membrane

Front 33

Carbohydrates

Back 33

They provide short-term energy to the cell and consists of carbon and hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1

Front 34

Monosaccharide

Back 34

Simple sugar monomer that bonds with others to construct a carbohydrate for example glucose

Front 35

Disaccharide

Back 35

Sugars that consists of two monosaccharides example maltose

Front 36

What happens in dehydration synthesis

Back 36

The formation of a polymer from monomers join together which removes the water as each bond forms. For example 2 units of glucose linked to form maltose and water

Front 37

Hydrolysis

Back 37

The reverse of the above reaction reaction in which a palmer reacts with water to split into two parts

Front 38

Polysaccharide

Back 38

These are complex carbohydrates that are polymers of monosaccharides such as glucose. These three most important polysaccharides are glace surgeon starch and cellulose

Front 39

Glycogen

Back 39

This is short term energy storage molecule in animal cells for example it is found in the human liver and muscle cells

Front 40

Starch

Back 40

Is this is used for energy storage in plants

Front 41

Cellulose

Back 41

This is the molecule that makes up plants cell walls this is not a good source of energy for humans because we cannot break down cellulose into glucose therefore cellulose serves as dietary fiber

Front 42

Glycogen storage

Back 42

Extra glucose is stored as glycogen in our liver and muscle cells.

Front 43

Name the for lipids in the functions of all of them

Back 43

Fats are used for long-term energy storage molecule in protects body structures. Phospholipids are essential constituents of the cell membrane. Steroids are cholesterol and sex hormones. Waxes which are found on plants.

Front 44

Fat

Back 44

Fats are numerous energy containing carbon and hydrogen bonds fats are found in both animals and plants fats are concentrated energy fats are usually made up of fatty acids and glycerol

Front 45

Fatty acids

Back 45

Molecules formed by a chain of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end

Front 46

Saturated fatty acids

Back 46

A fatty acid formed by carbon atoms that bond to hydrogen atoms at every available bond a solid at room temperature because they can pack together tightly

Front 47

Unsaturated fatty acid

Back 47

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms a liquid at room temperature because they cannot pack together tightly

Front 48

Phospholipids

Back 48

Consists of a hydro-philic polar head and too long hydrophobic fatty acid tails

Front 49

Steroids

Back 49

Consists of four linked carbon rings include cholesterol and certain sex hormones like testosterone estrogen and progesterone

Front 50

What are the functions of proteins

Back 50

Proteins provide the cell with shape and support it also acts as an enzyme it acts as a transportation device that transports substances across cell membranes or two different parts of an organism and acts as a chemical messenger

Front 51

how do you form a dipeptide

Back 51

Amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis to form polypeptide chains polypeptide chains the bonds that formed between the amino acids are peptide bonds

Front 52

What are the four levels of protein structure and explain what each is

Back 52

Primary structure is the order of amino acids. Secondary structure is coiled up into an alpha helix or bends into a beta pleated sheet. Tertiary structure z. Are the helix or sheet then fold into a 3d structure held by covalent or ionic hydrogen and nonpolar bonds . Quaternary structures have many proteins that contain two or more folded polypeptides joined together