Unit 1

Front 1

Nonspecific, First line defense mechanism:

Back 1

innate immunity

Front 2

How does innate immunity vary in reference to species?

Back 2

It varies between different species, but is uniform within all members of a species.

Front 3

The 4 barriers of innate immunity/defense:

Back 3

Anatomical
Physiological
Phagocytic/endocytic
Inflammatory

Front 4

the 2 components of anatomical innate immunity:

Back 4

Skin
Mucosa

Front 5

Things to remember about the skin:

Back 5

2 layers:
-Epidermis -tightly packed epithelial cells w/ keratin and dead cels.
-Dermis - connective tissue; blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat.
Sebum - oil in hair follicles w/ pH=3-5; stops microorganisms.

Front 6

What is Pattern Recognition?

Back 6

means that a response recognizes CLASSES of molecules, not specific molecules.

Front 7

What are the components of physiological innate immunity

Back 7

pH - like the acidic stomach.
chemical mediators - lysozyme, interferon, and complement.

Front 8

what is lysozyme?

Back 8

mucosal/tear secretions that cleave bacterial cell walls.

Front 9

the three chemical mediators of innate immunity

Back 9

lysozyme - cleaves bacterial cell wall
interferon - generates antiviral state in virus-infected cells
complement - triggered by Ab binding to cells or other things; will help in damaging pathogen

Front 10

components of the phagocytic/endocytic barrier of innate immunity

Back 10

blood monocytes
neutrophils
tissue macrophages

-This barrier is not specific for any particular foreign substance.

Front 11

why is temperature a physiological barrier of immunity?

Back 11

because high temperatures inhibit growth of bacteria and viruses.

Front 12

mucosa protects what tracts, and consists of what?

Back 12

-GI, urogenital, digestive.
consists of:
epithelium -secretes mucous.
mucous - traps foreign particles.
cilia - propels trapped foreign partilcles out of the system before entering body.

Front 13

What causes inflammatory response?

Back 13

Tissue damage with or without infection.
Not necessarily skin breakage.

Front 14

2 Possible results of INFLAMMATION

Back 14

1. Specific immune response to invasion with adaptive immune system.

2. Simply clear invader with innate immune system.

Front 15

3 major inflammatory events:

Back 15

1. Vasodilation
2. Capillary permeability increase
3. Phagocyte influx from capillaries into tissue.

Front 16

4 cardinal symptoms of inflammation

Back 16

RED - from vasodilation
HEAT - from vasodilation
SWELL - from permeability/fluid influx PAIN - from factors/mediators released.

Front 17

side effects of inflammation

Back 17

tissue damage
scars
actually healthy cells are killed by increased acid from lysozyme/pus action

Front 18

what is the purpose of inflammation?

Back 18

Defend the body from pathogens
Repair the body from dead pathogens by eating them up

Front 19

cells responsible for humoral immunity

cells responsible for cell-mediated

Both are branches of:

Back 19

humoral = B cells

cell-mediated = T cells

both branches of adaptive immunity

Front 20

Why call it a pathogen?

Back 20

It's bigger than the cells in the body. If its smaller, then just a molecule.

Front 21

4 Attributes of Adaptive immunity

Back 21

1. Specific - for antigens
2. Diverse - recognize many different antigens.
3. Self/nonself recognition
4. Memory - recognizes an Ag on second exposure

Front 22

Function of MHC

Back 22

to present antigen fragments

Front 23

What does pleomorphic mean?

Back 23

1. Each class of Tcells expresses many kinds of MHC; they are different but similar.

2. Differnet people have different genes for MHC.

Front 24

4 Characteristic attributes of Adaptive immunity:

Back 24

-Antigenic specificity
-Diversity
-Immunologic memory
-Self/nonself recognition

Front 25

2 major populations of lymphocytes:

Back 25

B and T cells

Front 26

What types of B cells are there?

Back 26

Naieve - have Ab, havent encountered Ag
Plasma cells - MEmory and effector

Front 27

How does a Naieve B cell produce Plasma cells?

Back 27

Binding of Ag to its membrane Antibody causes division/differentiation into Effector Plasma cells and Memory cells.

Front 28

What has a longer life, Plasma or Memory B cells?

Back 28

Memory; plasma only circulate a few days

Front 29

What cells express Class 2 MHC?

Back 29

ONLY ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS APC

Front 30

What express MHC class 1

Back 30

all nucleated cells

Front 31

What causes a Th cell to secrete cytokines?

Back 31

Interaction with its specific antigen, presented by APC on Class 2 MHC.

Front 32

What are Antigen Presenting Cells?

Back 32

-Macrophages
-B lymphocytes
-Dendritic cells

Front 33

What distinguishes APCs?

Back 33

-Class 2 MHC
-Able to send co-stimulatory signal for Th cell activation.

Front 34

Which class of MHC presents
-exogenous antigen
-endogenous antigen

Back 34

Exo = MHC II

Endo = MHC 1

Front 35

Does a T/B cell become Ag specific before or after initial Ag interaction?

Back 35

BEFORE. DUring maturation in bone marrow or thymus.

Front 36

Put in this question:
What came first the chicken or the egg?

What came first, the Antigen or the Antigen receptor?

Back 36

The antigen receptor - determines the clone's specificity.

Front 37

What is the Clonal Selection Process?

Back 37

1. Ag selects the mature T/B cells that are specific for that Ag's epitopes, activates it.

2. Expansion of population of cells with same specificity of initally activated cell.

Front 38

3 Differences btwn an Adaptive and an Innate immune response:

Back 38

1. Response time: Innate takes hours, Adptv takes days

2. Specifity: Inate is limited,fixed; Adpv is highly diverse and improves through immune response.

3. Response to Repeat Infection: Innate is identical to 1st; Adpt is much more rapid

Front 39

What organisms have Adaptive immuity?

Back 39

only VERTEBRATES

Front 40

What organisms have innate immunity?

Back 40

ALL organisms