Unit 1

Front 1

hydrophilic

Back 1

interact readily with water (polar)

Front 2

hydrophobic

Back 2

dont interact with water (nonpolar)

Front 3

cohesion

Back 3

binding between like molecules

Front 4

adhesion

Back 4

binding between unlike molecules

Front 5

surface tension

Back 5

hard surface of water, caused because water resists anything that increases its area

Front 6

specific heat

Back 6

amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of substance by 1 degree c

Front 7

atomic #

Back 7

# of protons

Front 8

mass #

Back 8

protons+neutrons

Front 9

heat of vaporization

Back 9

energy required to change 1 gram of substance from a liquid to a gas

Front 10

buffers

Back 10

compounds that minimize changes in pH

Front 11

homeostasis

Back 11

maintaining relatively constant conditions

Front 12

temperature

Back 12

measure of how much thermal energy the molecules in an object posses

Front 13

heat

Back 13

the transfer of thermal energy

Front 14

first law of thermodynamics

Back 14

energy cannot be created or destroyed

Front 15

entropy

Back 15

the amount of disorder in a group of molecules
symbolized by S

Front 16

second law of thermodynamics

Back 16

entropy always increases in an isolated system

Front 17

exergonic

Back 17

when the reaction is spontaneous
releases heat

Front 18

endergonic

Back 18

when the reaction is not spontaneous
absorbs heat

Front 19

photon

Back 19

packet of light energy

Front 20

organic

Back 20

molecules that contain carbon

Front 21

6 functional groups

Back 21

amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, hyrdoxyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl

Front 22

amino (functional group)

Back 22

act as a base, tend to attract a proton

Front 23

carbonyl (functional group)

Back 23

react with certain compounds to produce larger molecules

Front 24

carboxyl (functional group)

Back 24

acts as an acid, tends to lose a proton

Front 25

hydroxyl (functional group)

Back 25

highly polar
makes compound more soluble with hydrogen bonding

Front 26

phosphate (functional group)

Back 26

releases energy when several groups are linked together

Front 27

sulfhydryl (functional group)

Back 27

can form disulfide bonds that contribute to protein structure when present in proteins

Front 28

monomer

Back 28

a molecular sub unit such as an amino acid

Front 29

polymer

Back 29

when monomers bond together

Front 30

polymerization

Back 30

linking of monomers

Front 31

macromolecule

Back 31

very large molecule that is made up of small molecules joined together

Front 32

protein

Back 32

polymer that consists of amino acids

Front 33

condensation/dehydration

Back 33

when monomers polymerize
result in loss of water molecule

Front 34

hydrolysis

Back 34

breaks polymers apart by adding a water molecule

Front 35

peptide bond

Back 35

bond formed between amino acids

Front 36

polypeptide

Back 36

when amino acids are linked by peptide bonds into a chain

Front 37

peptide

Back 37

has 50 or fewer amino acids linked together

Front 38

enzyme

Back 38

protein that functions as a catalyst

Front 39

primary structure

Back 39

sequence of amino acids in a chain

Front 40

secondary structure

Back 40

stabilized by hydrogen bonding that occurs between the carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen on the amino group of another

Front 41

tertiary structure

Back 41

shows the overall shape

Front 42

hydrophobic interactions

Back 42

tend to form globular masses

Front 43

van der waals interactions

Back 43

weak electrical attraction between hydrophobic side chains

Front 44

disulfide bond

Back 44

creates a link between the same polypeptide

Front 45

quaternary structure

Back 45

overall shape of a protein

Front 46

prion

Back 46

infectious protein caused by an abnormal shape

Front 47

substrate

Back 47

reactant that interacts with an enzyme in a chemical reaction

Front 48

activation energy

Back 48

amount of free energy required to reach the transition state

Front 49

transition state

Back 49

high energy state that must be achieved for the chemical reaction to proceed

Front 50

catalyst

Back 50

substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction and increases the rate of the reaction

Front 51

active site

Back 51

location where substrates bind and react

Front 52

induced fit

Back 52

change in shape of the active site of the enzyme so the substrate fits better

Front 53

cofactors

Back 53

metal ion or organic compound that is required for the enzyme to function properly

Front 54

competitive inhibition

Back 54

catalysis is inhibited when a molecule that is similar in size and shape to a substrate binds to the active site

Front 55

allosteric activation

Back 55

when a regulatory molecule binds to a different site on the enzyme and makes the site a better fit for the substrate

Front 56

allosteric deactivation

Back 56

when a regulatory molecule binds to a different site on the enzyme and makes the site a worse fit for the substrate

Front 57

nucleic acid

Back 57

polymers that come as DNA and RNA
made up of nucleotides

Front 58

nucleotide

Back 58

contains a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Front 59

sugar

Back 59

contains a carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups

Front 60

purines

Back 60

a nitrogenous base that contains a double ring
G,A

Front 61

pyrimidines

Back 61

a nitrogenous base that contains a single ring
C,U,T

Front 62

phosphodiester bond

Back 62

the OH group on the 3rd carbon of the sugar joins the phosphate group on the 5th carbon of the sugar

Front 63

monosaccharide

Back 63

simple sugar, cant be broken down any further

Front 64

triose

Back 64

monosaccharide containing 3 carbon atoms

Front 65

pentose

Back 65

a monosaccharide containing 5 carbon atoms

Front 66

hexose

Back 66

monosaccharide containing 6 carbon atoms

Front 67

polysaccharide

Back 67

when monosaccharides are linked together
known as complex carbs

Front 68

disaccharide

Back 68

2 monosaccharides linked together

Front 69

glycosidic bond

Back 69

joins sugars together