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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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government where the power of the crown is unchecked
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absolute monarchy
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another name for the age of monarchs
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age of absolutism
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strongest nation in europe during the 1500s and early 1600s
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spain
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was both the holy roman emporer and the king of spain
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charles v
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dynasty of charles v and philip ii
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hapsburg
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when charles v divided his empire his son philip ii became
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king of spain
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strongest monarch during spanish supremacy
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philip ii
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philip ii and other absolute monarchs believed they were kings by
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divine right
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the idea that royal power is granted by God
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divine right of kings
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he used wealth (gold & silver) from colones to build the largest and strongest army in europe
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philip ii
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philip ii saw spain as the defender of the
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catholic faith
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he involved spain in wars against the enemies of catholicism (protestants, muslims etc.)
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philip ii
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philip ii attempted to force all non-catholics to
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convert or leave spain
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was used as a reign of terror to extract all non-catholic elements from spain
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spanish inquisition
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this source of wealth enabled spain to become the strongest nation in europe
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american colonies
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philip ii sent it to invade england
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spanish armada
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it's defeat in 1588 was the beginning of spain's decline as the leading european power
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spanish armada
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in the late 1500s france was torn by relgious conflict between
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catholics & huguenots
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french protestant calvinists
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huguenots
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first bourbon king
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henry of navarre/henry iv
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established the edict nantes
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henry iv
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gave french protestants religious freedom in 1598
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edict of nantes
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real ruler during the reign of louis xiii
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cardinal richelieu
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involved catholic france in he 30 years war on the side of the protestants
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cardinal richelieu
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was triggered by a rebellion of bohemian protestants
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30 years war
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started over religion ended up over the balance of power
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30 years war
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ended the 30 years war
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peace of westphalia
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made france the strongest country in europe
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peace of westphalia
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louis xiv minister of france
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colbert
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a tax on imports
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protective tariff
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sun king ruled france from 1643-1715
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louis xiv
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he weakened the power of the nobles by inviting them to live in luxury at his palace
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louis xiv
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strongest french monarch
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louis xiv
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in 1685 louis xiv revoked the
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edict of nantes
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strongest nation in europe during the 1600s
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france
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small nations band together to keep a strong nation from domination
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balance of power
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war fought to keep louis xiv's grandson off the throne of spain
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war of spanish succession
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ended the war of spanish succession
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treaty of utrecht
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broke french treasury and military power
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war of spanish succession
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prevented the alliance of france and spain
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treaty of utrecht
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his policies brought france near finacial ruin and created class conflict
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louis xiv
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philip ii's english rival
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elizabeth i
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ruled england from 1558-1603
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elizabeth i
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english captains that captured spanish treasure ships and defeated the spanish armada
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sea dogs
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ruled england from 1558-1603, last tudar monarch
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elizabeth i
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first stuart monarch believed in the divine right of kings
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james i
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those who believed in the divine right of kings believed monarchs were only answerable to
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God
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succeeded james i as king of england
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charles i
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his reign ended in england's civil war
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charles i
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it was fought over who should rule england: monarch or parliament
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english civil war
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those who supported charles i in the english civil war
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cavaliers
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those who supported parliament in the english civil war
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roundheads
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roundheads were mainly (religion)
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puritans
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led parliament's army to victory in the english civil war
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oliver cromwell
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the english parliament tried ad executed
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charles i
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the house of commons abolished monarchy and declared england a republic called the
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commonwealth
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cromwell drove out parliament and set up a
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military dictatorship
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name for cromwell's military dictatorship
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protectorate
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cromwell's dictatorship enforced a
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puritan moral code
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cromwell did not tolerate open worship for
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catholics
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Richard Cromwell succeeded his father as lord protector of england, but when england tired of strict puritan ways he was deposed by a
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military coup
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he was invited by parliament to come back from exile and become king
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charles II
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the return of Charles II as king of england
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restoration
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restoration date
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A.D. 1660
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the restoration gave england a
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constitutional monarchy
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catholic brother and successor to charles II
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james II
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english feared that james II would make catholicism the
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state religion
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name for the bloodless deposing of james II
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glorious revolution
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william and mary were given joint rule of england after the glorious revolution but they first had accept the
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english bill of rights
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the english bill of rights made sure parliament had more power than the ruler and established
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limited monarchy
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date of the glorious revolution
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AD 1688
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was selected by leading german princes but in reality did not have much power
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Holy roman emperor
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allowed maria theresa to inherit the throne of austria
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pragmatic sanction
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maria theresa's dynasty
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hapsburg
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dynasty that ruled prussia during the age of monarchs
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hohenzollern
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centralized prussian goverment. made prussian army the most efficient fighting force in europe
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frederick william I
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most powerful ruler in prussian history
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frederick II (the great)
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he rejected the pragmatic santion and started the war of austrian succession
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frederick II (the great)
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maria theresa keeps the throne of austria, austria loses silesia
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treaty of aix-la-chapelle
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starts as a struggle between austria and prussia becomes a struggle between engand and france
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seven years war
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name of the seven years war in america
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french and indian war
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in 1650 russia was an isolated and
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backward country
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title of the russian ruler
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czar
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czar who worked to modernize/westernize russia
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peter the great
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peter the great was an
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absolute monarch
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peter fought the swedes and the turks to gain a
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warm water port
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peter the great built the new capital of russia
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st. petersburg
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she followed the lead of peter the great in embracing western ideas and expanding russia's borders
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cathrine the great
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intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries
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enlightenment
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the enlightenment celebrated the powers of
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reason
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enlightment thinkers promoted religious
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toleration
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enlightenment thinkers sough to construct government free of
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tyranny
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enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with
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reason
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the enlightenment was prompted by the
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scientific revolution
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sun is the center of the solar system
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heliocentric theory
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he developed the helicentric theory
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copernicus
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he developed a telescope and supported the helicentric theory
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galileo
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probably more responsible for the development of scientific method than any other individual
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galileo galilei
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galileo was forced to recant by the
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catholic church
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demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals
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johannes kepler
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his discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyone else's
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isaac newton
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he laid the foundations for the sscientific theories that susquently revolutionized the world
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isaac newton
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enlightment thinkers promoted religious
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toleration
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newton developed the theory of
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gravity
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newton discovered that the universe is governed by
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natural laws
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enlightenment thinkers sough to construct government free of
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tyranny
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newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as
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mechanical
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enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with
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reason
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the enlightenment was prompted by the
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scientific revolution
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sun is the center of the solar system
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hilicentric theory
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he developed the heliocentric theory
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copernicus
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he developed a telescope and supported the helicentric theory
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galileo
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probably more responsible for the development of scientific method than any other individual
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galileo galilei
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galileo was forced to recant by the
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catholic church
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demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals
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johannes kepler
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his discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyone else's
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isaac newton
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he laid the foundations for the scientific theories that subsquently revolutionized the world
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isaac newton
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newton developed the theory of
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gravity
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newton discovered that the universe is governed by
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natural laws
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newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as
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mechanical
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he developed calculus
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isaac newton
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hobbes, locke & rousseau were all considere
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sociaol contract theorists
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because thomas hobbes believed; governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness, he believed they
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never had the right to revolt
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form of government dvocated by thomas hobbes
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absolute monarchy
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he believed people had natural rights to life, liberty and property
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john locke
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john locke believed the foundation of government was a
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social contract
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john locke believed that if people's natural rights were NOT protected, they had the
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right to revolt
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john locke wrote in defense of the
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gloriou revolution
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french thinkers of the enlightenment
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philosophes
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philosophe who campaigned against intolerance
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voltaire
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he combined enlightenment thinking into an encyclopedia
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diderot
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banned diderot's encyclopedia
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catholic church
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diderot was _____ for his writings in the encyclopedia
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imprisoned
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advocated a free market economy in the wealth of nations
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adam smith
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name for complete free market economy
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laissez faire
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he believed the best way to protect people's liberties was by sparating the power of government into legislative, executive and judicial branches
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montesquieu
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criticized the enlightenment's excessive emphasis on reason, he believed peole needed to rely more on emotion and instinct
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rousseau
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meetings for the discussion of ideas
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salons
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he believed you should set aside traditional beliefs and rely on observation and experiment. early proponent of the scientific method
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francis bacon
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he believed you should doubt everything which cannot be proved, and in the search for truth you should start NOT with faith but with doubt
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rene descartes
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the only thing Descartes found that he could not doubt was his
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own existence
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"i think therefore i am"
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rene descartes
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doubt and question all ideas
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skepticism
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a denial of the possibility of knowledge
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skepticism
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total skeptic
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david hume
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he denied that there was any logical basis for knowing that one thing caused another. denied knowledge of cause and effect
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david hume
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he believed that reason could NOT be used to explain questions of metaphysics
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immanuel kant
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tries to answer ultimate and universal questions
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metaphysics
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kant believed that things that cannot be perceived in _____ cannot be known
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experience
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john locke believed the mind to be a
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tabula rasa(blank slate)
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religion based on reason and natural law, the enlightenment's religion
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deism
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belief that God started the universe like a perfect clock and then left it alone
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deism
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some people reacted to the enlightment and did not believe that ______ could explain the universe
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reason alone
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monarchs who used their power to bring about positive political and social changes
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enlightened despots
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when britian tried to tighten its control over the colonies after the french and indian war, the colonies
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reacted
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because the american colonists believed they were being taxed without represtentation and thus denied their natural rights they
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declared their independence
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created a government with montesquieu's seperation of powers and a federal system
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u.s. constitution
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governmental power (sovereignty) is divided between a central government and regional governments
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federalism
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inaugurated the liberal and democratic movements of the 19th century
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french revolution
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name for france's social classes
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estates
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king of france at the beggining of the france revolution
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loius XVI
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first estate
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catholic clergy
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second estate
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nobility
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third estate
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bourgeoisie, artisans, and peasants
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middle class
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bourgeoisie
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