Ungulates Test 2

Front 1

_________ is the physical movement from one area to another.

Back 1

Migration

Front 2

_________________ is when one portion of a population conducts seasonal migrations while the other remains on a single range.

Back 2

Partial Migration

Front 3

What drives migration?

Back 3

Resources on earth are constantly fluctuating

Front 4

Why do animals migrate rather than finding a shorter, simpler journey or stopping altogether?

Back 4

The benefits of a long distance migration outweigh the cost and benefits of a shorter migration do not stack up

Front 5

_________, ____________, and ____________ are all common reasons for migration.

Back 5

Food, breeding, and weather

Front 6

Pronghorn Antelope migrate from their wintering grounds in ________________ to their summering grounds in _________________.

Back 6

Upper Green River Basin in Wyoming ---- Grand Teton National Park

Front 7

Pronghorn must make their return trip in autumn before snow blocks their return route through the ___________.

Back 7

Gros Ventre Mountains

Front 8

Have Pronghorn always migrated? Explain

Back 8

No. When populations dropped in the 1900s, the Pronghorn population stopped migrating as their numbers dwindled. It took 50 years for their migrations to begin again.

Front 9

What cues have migrants evolved to respond to?

Back 9

Changes in food sources, rainfall, and changes in day length

Front 10

What are the risks of an animal waiting too long to migrate?

Back 10

Lose the opportunity to stock up on food before departure

Lose the competitive edge that comes from arriving early at the next habitat

Front 11

What is the migration of mule deer like?

Back 11

Low desert ---> High mountain and back

Front 12

Why did no one know about the huge mule deer migration in the U.S.?

Back 12

The migration took place outside of the protection of any parks or reserves.

Front 13

Most migrants are not distracted by _____ or _______ during their migration.

Back 13

Food or mates

Front 14

How did scientists discover that the mule deer were migrating?

Back 14

Scientists placed radio collars on the deer in the winter of 2011 and assumed they would still be there in the spring. When the scientists came back in the spring, the deer were all gone.

Front 15

What is the Tibetan antelope's migration like?

Back 15

Migrate thousands of miles to reach their calving grounds.

Front 16

What are the problems with the Tibetan Antelope migration?

Back 16

Grass is more abundant in the southern portion of their habitat, there are fewer competitors and predators in the north but the stress of the journey may not be worth it.

Front 17

What are some of the reasons that scientists believe Tibetan antelope make the migration they do?

Back 17

Some experts say there are better grasses, more favorable weather, or that the calving grounds contain important trace elements needed by the young antelope.

Front 18

How does the extreme migration of the Tibetan antelope benefit the animals?

Back 18

Calves learn how to survive the harsh environment and escape from predators, experience all of the difficulties they will encounter again later in life, and learn survival skills

Front 19

What triggers the migration of Wildebeest?

Back 19

Annual pattern of rainfall and grass growth

Front 20

What are some factor for wildebeest migration?

Back 20

Food abundance, surface water availability, predators, and phosphorous content in grasses

Front 21

Why is phosphorous a factor for wildebeest migration?

Back 21

It is an crucial element for lactation female bovids

Front 22

___________________ is when animals systematically explore and overcome an obstacle as one.

Back 22

Swarm intelligence

Front 23

By using swarm intelligence the herd succeeds based on _____________.

Back 23

Collective trail and error

Front 24

What is the maximum running speed of wildebeest?

Back 24

50 mph

Front 25

What is the primary defense tactic of wildebeest?

Back 25

Herding - Young animals are protected by older larger ones while the herd runs as a ground

Front 26

How to wildebeest protect themselves from predators at night?

Back 26

They take turns resting while others stand guard

Front 27

What are the main predators of wildebeest?

Back 27

Lion, hyena, cheetah, leopard, and crocodile

Front 28

How do wildebeest benefit Thomson's Gazelle?

Back 28

Facilitate their migration - Thomson's Gazelle feed off of the new-growth grasses which are stimulated by wildebeest foraging.

Front 29

A ___________ is an area over which an animal or a group of animals regularly travels in search or food or mates.

Back 29

Home range

Front 30

A __________ is an area that is defended by an animal or a group of animals against others of the same sex or species.

Back 30

Territory

Front 31

What is a sounder?

Back 31

A group of warthogs

Front 32

What is the dynamic of a sounder?

Back 32

Females will all stay but juvenile males leave to form bachelors herds and become solitary as adults.

Front 33

Warthogs are not territorial, but instead occupy a ___________.

Back 33

Home range

Front 34

What are the two facial scent glands found in warthogs?

Back 34

Tusk gland and sebaceous gland

Front 35

What do Warthogs use tusk marking for?

Back 35

Courtship, aggressive behaviors, and to establish status

Front 36

True or False: Warthogs are seasonal breeders.

Back 36

True

Front 37

What type of mating system do warthogs use?

Back 37

Overlap promiscuity

Front 38

What is overlap promiscuity?

Back 38

Males have ranges that overlap several females ranges

Front 39

What are the two mating strategies used by warthogs?

Back 39

Staying tactic and Roaming tactic

Front 40

___________ is when a male stays and defends a certain female or resource.

Back 40

Staying tactic

Front 41

___________ is when a male seeks out estrous females and competes for them.

Back 41

Roaming tactic

Front 42

What is monogamy?

Back 42

Having only one mate at a time

Front 43

What is female-defense polygyny?

Back 43

Males controlling access to females directly by competing with other males

Front 44

What is resource-defense polygyny?

Back 44

Males attract multiple mates by guarding a resource

Front 45

What is scramble-competition polygyny?

Back 45

Males attempt to outrace each other to potential mates

Front 46

____________ is when individuals other than the actual parents act in a parental role.

Back 46

Alloparenting

Front 47

True or False: Muskoxen hold territories.

Back 47

False

Front 48

Muskoxen marks trails with their ___________ glands.

Back 48

Preorbital

Front 49

What are some aggressive displays seen in Muskoxen?

Back 49

Mock charging, roaring, swinging heads, paw the ground

Front 50

In what way to dominant bull muskoxen treat subordinate bulls like cows?

Back 50

Kicking with foreleg, mock copulation, and sniffing of the genitals

Front 51

True or False: When a subordinate or elderly bull muskoxen leaves the heard, they cannot return.

Back 51

False - they can return for protection

Front 52

For muskoxen, which gender is in charge during which periods?

Back 52

Bulls are in charge during the breeding season, females are in charge during gestation.

Front 53

Do muskoxen cows have calves every year?

Back 53

No, if there is a bad winter then the cows will not come into estrous

Front 54

What is the most distinctive defense behavior of muskoxen?

Back 54

Bulls and cows face outward to form a stationary ring or semi-circle around calves

Front 55

What is the ultimate function of ungulates inhabiting and defending a territory?

Back 55

Increase the individual ability of an animal to survive and produce offspring

Front 56

What determines the size and shape of a territory?

Back 56

Season, geography, purpose, and resource availability

Front 57

What is used to retain a territory?

Back 57

Fighting, scent marking, and ritualized aggression

Front 58

What is scent marking?

Back 58

Odoriferous substance containing pheromones is deposited from a scent gland, feces, or urine and communicates that a territory is occupied.

Front 59

What is ritualized aggression?

Back 59

Stylized postures, vocalizations, etc., that are used to resolve territory disputes without actual fighting

Front 60

What are three forms of scent marking?

Back 60

Scent glands

Fecal marking

Urine marking

Front 61

___________ is when an animals curls back their upper lip and inhales with the nostrils in order to facilitate the transfer of pheromones into the Jacobson's organ.

Back 61

Flehmen response

Front 62

What is the Jacobson's organ?

Back 62

Auxiliary olfactory sense organ

Front 63

What is another name for the Jacobson's organ?

Back 63

Vomeronasal organ

Front 64

What are the 7 primary scent glands found in ungulates?

Back 64

Sudoriferous, preorbital, nasal, interdigital, preputial, metatarsal, and tarsal

Front 65

Where is the sudoriferous gland located?

Back 65

On the forehead, between the eyes and antlers

Front 66

Where is the preorbital gland found?

Back 66

Extending from the medial canthus of each eye

Front 67

Where is the nasal gland found?

Back 67

Inside of the nostrils

Front 68

Where is the interdigital gland found?

Back 68

Between the toes

Front 69

Where is the preputial gland found?

Back 69

Inside the foreskin of the penis

Front 70

Where is the metatarsal gland found?

Back 70

On the outside of the hind legs

Front 71

Where is the tarsal gland found?

Back 71

On the inside of the hind legs

Front 72

What two glands line the preorbital gland?

Back 72

Sebaceous and sudoriferous

Front 73

What does the sebaceous gland secrete?

Back 73

oil

Front 74

What does the sudoriferous gland secrete?

Back 74

sweat

Front 75

True or false: Social structures and marking behaviors have an affect on the size and position of the preorbital gland

Back 75

True

Front 76

Are Gunther's dik dik monogamous or polygamous?

Back 76

Monogamous

Front 77

Does a Gunther's dik dik posses a permanent territory or a home range?

Back 77

Permanent territory

Front 78

What are the preorbital glands like in a Gunther's dik dik?

Back 78

Remain large throughout the year, located in large preorbital pits in the lacrimal bone, and surrounded by special facial muscles

Front 79

Are Saiga antelope monogamous or polygamous?

Back 79

Polygamous

Front 80

Do Saiga antelope occupy a territory or a home range?

Back 80

Home range

Front 81

What are the preorbital glands of Saiga antelope like?

Back 81

Remain small but grow large during the breeding season, ooze secretions continuously, found in shallow depression in the lacrimal bone

Front 82

______________ are piles of feces that mammals return to and build up and are often used as territorial markers.

Back 82

Dung middens

Front 83

What is the term for a group of female rhinos?

Back 83

Crash

Front 84

How big can the dung midden of a white rhino be?

Back 84

16 feet wide by 3 feet tall

Front 85

Does a Grevy's Zebra occupy a territory or a home range?

Back 85

Both - Stallions do not keep a herd but defend a territory, and non-territorial individuals occupy a home range

Front 86

What is unique about the home ranges of Grevy's Zebras?

Back 86

Some of the largest home ranges of any ungulate

Front 87

How do Grevy's Zebras mark territory? What is the purpose?

Back 87

Urine and fecal markings which are used to orient the owner rather than keep out other males

Front 88

True or False: Body and territory size determine reproductive success of Grevy's Zebras.

Back 88

False - They do not determine reproductive success

Front 89

What is the social system of Grevy's Zebras like?

Back 89

No permanent social bonds between adults, no herd system, groups have no leaders, mothers and young are the only stable social units

Front 90

What is self-anointing?

Back 90

Individuals smear odoriferous substances over themselves

Front 91

______________ males bend their heads to the ground and urinate on their throat and cheek hair then rub their chins on females foreheads and rumps.

Back 91

Nile Lechwe

Front 92

___________ males mark their territory by dripping urine in scrapes and then pawing them.

Back 92

Chital

Front 93

Male ___________ will wallow and dig their antlers in urine soaked soil and then rub them against tree trunks as well as spray urine directly on their own faces using a highly mobile penis.

Back 93

Sambar deer

Front 94

What is rub-urinating?

Back 94

When an animal (commonly white tail deer) squats while it urinates so that the urine runs down the legs and over the tarsal glands.

Front 95

What is rubbing?

Back 95

Use of the antlers to strip bark

Front 96

What is a scrape?

Back 96

Uses front hooves to expose bare earth

Front 97

What is display behavior?

Back 97

Form of animal behavior linked to the survival of the species

Front 98

What is ritualized aggression?

Back 98

Range of behaviors used to intimidate intruders and defend territories without engaging in fighting

Front 99

A ______ is a gathering of males to engage in competitive displays that may entice visiting females.

Back 99

Lek

Front 100

What are the only two species of ungulates that form leks?

Back 100

Ugandan Kob and Topi Antelope

Front 101

Dominant ________ females may assume the behaviors of the dominant male if he is not present.

Back 101

Topi

Front 102

________ females remain loyal to the same territory for up to 3 years and will often compete for the dominant male.

Back 102

Topi

Front 103

___________ is a species in which members of one sex compete in order to mate.

Back 103

Tournament species

Front 104

Tournament species are characterized by what?

Back 104

fierce same-sex fighting, larger/better armed individuals, and sexual dimorphism

Front 105

______________ is the distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of a species.

Back 105

Sexual dimorphism

Front 106

What are two theories for why Giraffes evolved long necks?

Back 106

Competing browser's hypothesis (taller = more food) and sexual selection

Front 107

What is the criteria of sexual selection?

Back 107

More exaggerated characteristics, must be used to indicate dominance, no direct survival benefits, cost in terms of survival, cost in terms of other factors, and positive allometry

Front 108

_____ is the mating season of ruminants that is triggered by _________ day lengths.

Back 108

Rut, shorter

Front 109

What are the 3 parts of rut?

Back 109

Pre-rut, rut, post-rut

Front 110

What is involved in pre-rut?

Back 110

Sparring

Front 111

What is sparring?

Back 111

Low intensity aggressive behavior

Front 112

What is involved in rut?

Back 112

Making rubs on trees, making scrapes on the ground, and fighting

Front 113

What is involved in post-rut?

Back 113

Replenishment of the body and catching up on weight and energy lost

Front 114

________________ are special, sometimes ritualized, sets of behaviors which some animals perform as part of courtship.

Back 114

Courtship displays

Front 115

True or False: Courtship displays are always performed by the male towards the female.

Back 115

True

Front 116

What are some female response during the courtship ritual?

Back 116

Sexual behavior patterns (lifting tail before copulation), 'tool-activities' (walking in front of the male), species specific threat displays, and submissive displays

Front 117

What are the behavioral problems of courtship?

Back 117

The male has to overcome the females reaction to his close approach, he has to maneuver her into the posture and position for copulation, and the female has to overcome the male's aggressiveness and prevent him from treating her like a defeated conspecific

Front 118

What are some male courtship behaviors?

Back 118

Following, head-flagging, greeting, chin rest/rub, and laufschlag

Front 119

Unlike other ungulates who breed standing up for only a few minutes, ___________ breed on the ground for 10-50 minutes.

Back 119

Camelids

Front 120

What position are female Camelids in during breeding?

Back 120

"Cushed" - lying down with the male lying on top of her

Front 121

___________ are different because they are induced ovulators.

Back 121

Alpacas

Front 122

True or False: All females isolate themselves from the herd at the same time to give birth.

Back 122

False - Not all females isolate themselves and the timing of isolation varies by species and individual

Front 123

___________ is a 24-48 hour time period during which an entire herd will give birth.

Back 123

Swamping

Front 124

What are the different birthing positions seen in ungulates?

Back 124

Lying down (most common), standing up (giraffe), under water (hippo), and defecation posture (wisnet)

Front 125

What does precocial mean?

Back 125

Born in advanced state and able to feed itself almost immediately

Front 126

How long is the post-partum period and what is it?

Back 126

Period of intense interaction between mother and young that lasts 1-10 hours after birth

Front 127

What are two kinds of offspring?

Back 127

Hiders and followers

Front 128

What are hiders?

Back 128

Primarily species in forested habitats or small species able to take advantage of low cover in relatively open habitat. Mother and young are separated for extended periods and the mother returns every so often to feed the young. Includes most deer, antelope, and gazelle

Front 129

What are followers?

Back 129

Includes equids, most large bovines, sheep and related genera, muskoxen and caribou. Mother and young maintain close spatial relationships and frequent communication following the post partum period

Front 130

What are some common nursing positions seen in ungulates?

Back 130

Reverse parallel, lying down, and between mother's hind legs

Front 131

How do older offspring nurse?

Back 131

Suckle while resting on the carpal joints (Front knees)

Front 132

___________ is when calves stop in front of their mothers in order to stop the movement of the mother and permit nursing.

Back 132

Heading-off

Front 133

In which ungulates is 'heading off' seen?

Back 133

Bison, Greater Kudu, and Sitatunga

Front 134

What is bunting?

Back 134

Prodding or striking of the udder by the calf with its muzzle