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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chemistry is the study of ______ and the changes that it undergoes
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matter
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______ is anything that has mass and taks up space.
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Matter
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Each _______ is made up of the same kind of atom.
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element
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A ________ is made up of two or more different kinds of elements.
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compound
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The three states of matter are _____, ______, and ___.
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solid, liquid, gas
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A ___________ mixture is not uniform throughout.
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heterogeneous
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An example of a ________ property is its boiling point.
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physical
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________ properties can only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance.
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Chemical
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The SI units of temperature are expressed in degrees ______.
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Kelvin
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The term __________ ______ refers to digits that were actually measured.
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Significant digits
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The smallest particle of matter is the ____.
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atom
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Atoms are neither _______ nor _________ in chemical reactions.
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created destroyed
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_________ are formed when atoms of more than one element combine.
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compounds
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The elemental ___________ of a pure substance never varies.
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composition
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The law of concervation of mass states that the mass of substance present at the end of a chemical process is _____ to the mass of subtances present before the reaction took place.
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equal
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The charge on an electron is a ________ ___.
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negative one
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The charge on a proton is a ________ ___
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positive one
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A _______ has a mass of one amu and is neutral
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neutron
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_____________ is the spontaneous emission of radiation by an atom
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radioactivity
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Protons and neutrons are located in the _______ of an atom.
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nucleus
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The mass of an atom is calculated by adding thenumber of _______ to the number of ________.
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protons, neutrons
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12/6 C, the 6 in the symbol represents the ____ ______
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atomic number
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Atoms of the same element with different masses are called ________ and only differ by the number of ________
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isotopes, neutrons
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The ________ ______ is a systematic catalog of the elements which are arranged in the order of their ______ ________
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periodic table, atomic numbers
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_________ formulas give the lowest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound while _________ formulas give the exact number of atoms of each element in a compound.
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Empirical, molecular
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Name two different types of reactions.
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combustion reaction, decomposition reaction
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The sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule is called the ________ ______.
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molecular weight
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C6H12o6 = . CO2 =6 H20. The underlined 6 is called the ___________.
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coefficient
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The units of molar mass are _____ ____.
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grams per mole
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What is the definition of energy?
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The capacity to do work or produce heat.
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When energy is used to cause an object that has mass to move, it is called ____.
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work
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What is the definition of heat?
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The energy used to cause the temperature of an object to increase.
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Distinguish between PE and KE.
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PE is inergy of position, KE is energy of movement
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The formula for KE is
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1/2MV2
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The SI unit of energy is the _____.
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Joule
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One J is equal to
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1kgm2/sec2
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An older non-SI unit still used is the _______, which is equal to _____J.
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calorie, 4.184J
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The formula for work is ________explain each symbol.
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W=F*D
w=work f=force d=distance |
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Heat flows from ____ objects to ____ objects.
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warm cold
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What is the first law of thermodynamics?
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Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
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The ________ ______ of a system is the sum of all kinetic and potentiol energies of all components of the system. Its symbol is _____.
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internal energy, E
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When heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings the process is __________.
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endothermic
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When heat is released by the system to the surroundings the process is __________.
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exothermic
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The internal energy of a system is independent of the path by which the system achieved that state, it is therefore known as a _____ ________.
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state function
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The thing that students hate to do is called ____. It can be expressed in terms of pressure and volume by the equation ________
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W=-P(delta)V
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If a reaction is exothermic, its Delta H is always ________.
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positive
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If a reaction is endothermic, the Delta H is always ________.
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negative
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The experimental science for measuring the flow of heat is known as ___________.
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calorimetry
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The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1K is its ____ ________.
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heat capacity
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_______ law states that as a reaction is carried out in a series of steps, delta H for the overall reaction will be equal to the sum of the enthalpy changs for the individual steps.
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Hess's
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Standard enthalpies of fomation delta Hf are measured under standard conditions which are _____ degrees and ______ pressure.
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298K 25C, atmospheric 1STM
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Name three different types of reactions.
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combustion, neutralization, decomposition
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The sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule is called the _________ ______.
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molecular weight
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In a chemical reaction, if there is more of one reactant than is necessary, that reactant is said to be __ ______. The other reactant is known as the _________ _______ and is used in all molar calculations.
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in excess, limiting reagent
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Solutions are ____________ mixtures of two or more pure substances.
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homogeneous
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the dissolving medium is called the ________ while the cvhamical dissolved is known as the ______.
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solvent, solute
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____________ occurs when an ionic substance dissolves in water.
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Dissociation
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Give five examples of strong acids.
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HCL, HBR,HI,HNO3,H2SO4,HCLO3,HCLO4
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Give four examples of strong bases.
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LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
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If ions are mixed and react to form an insoluble species, that compound is called a ___________.
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precipitate
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Metathesis is simply an ________ reaction.
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exchange
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In an ionic reaction equation the things that don't change are called the _________ ____.
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spectator ions
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Both definitions of acis involve the ______ _____ or _______.
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proton donor H+ ion
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Substances that increase the concentration of OH ions are called _____.
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bases
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The products of the reaction of an acid and a base are always a ____ and _____.
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salt, water.
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Oxidation is when an atom or ion _____ electrons while recuction is when an atom or ion _____ electrons.
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loses, gains
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The oxidation state of an element from the periodic table is always ____.
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zero
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The sum of the oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is equal to ____.
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zero
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Write the equation for molarity.
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M= moles of solvent
--------------- volume of solution in liters |
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Two important properties of waves are their __________ and ________ (words and symbols).
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wavelength , frequency
λν |
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The equation for the speed of light is _____________--which is equal to _________
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c=wavelength*frequency, c=hv, 3.00*10/8 m/s
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Waves do not explain all the properties of light and Max Planck explained this by assuming that energy comes in ______ called ______.
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packets quanta
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Einstein concluded that energy is proportional to ________, the equation being E=hv.
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frequency
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h is equal to _______ constant which numerically is _________.
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Planck
s, 6.63*10-34J-s |
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Neils Bohr is credited with the theory of ______ ________.
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atomic orbitals
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Energy is only absorbed or emitted in such a way as to move an electron from one allowed energy state to another, the energy is difined by _________ (equation)
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E=hv
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de Broglie demonstrated that the relationship between mass and wavelength was ____________(equation).
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wavelength=h/ mv
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Erwin Schrodinger developed a mathematical treatment that took into account both the wave and particle nature of matter which became known as_______ _________.
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quantum mechanics
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An orbital is decribed by a set of quantum numbers. Theste quantum numbers are the ______ _______ _____ abbv. _, the _________ _______ ______ abb, L, the ________ _______ ______ abbv __, and finally the ____ _______ ______ abbv. __
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principal quantum number, n
azimutal quantum number, l magnetic quantum number, ml spin quantum number, ms |
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For a one electron hydrogen atom, orbitals on the same energy level have the same energy, that is , they are, _________.
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degenerate.
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No two electrons in the same atom can have exactly the same energy, this is known as the_____ _________ _________.
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Pauli exclusion principle
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4p5: 4 stands for the ___________, p stands for the _______ and 5 stands for the _________.
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energy level, orbital, number of electrons in orbital
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For degenerate orbitals, the lowest energy is attained when the number of electrons with the same spin is _________. This is known as ______ ____.
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maximized, Hundt's rule
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I have told you that I will never give you any exceptions to the rule which your book calls_________.
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anomalies
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Dmitri Mendeleev and Lathar Meyer were both given credit for creating the ________ _____.
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periodic table
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Three trends that can be observed using the table are _____ __ _____ ___ ____, _________ _____, _______ ________.
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sizes of atoms and ions, ionization energy, electron affinity
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The nuclear charge that an electron experiances depends on the following two factors:
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Electrons are both attracted by the nucleus and repelled by other electrons.
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The effective nuclear charge Zeff is equal to Z-S, where Z is the _____ ______ and S is a ________ _______.
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atomic number, screening constant.
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The bonding atomic radius is defined as ____ of the distance between __________ bonded nuclei.
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half, covalently
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Cations are _______ than their parent atoms because the outermost electron is ________ and __________ are reduced.
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smaller, removed, repulsions
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Anions are ______ than their parent atom because electrons are _____ and __________ are increased.
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larger, added, repulsions
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What is the definition of ionization energy?
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The energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of a gaseous atom.
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