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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are three major roles of psychologists?
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teacher, scientist, and clinical practitioner
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What degree do most psychologists have and what level of schooling is needed?
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Most have a doctorate (Ph.D.(doctor of philosophy)or a Psy.D.(doctor of psychology). Both take about 4-5 years beyond a bachelor's degree.
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Define structuralism.
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Wilhelm Wundt's approach which focuses on the fundamental elements that form the foundation of thinking, conciousness, emotions, and other kinds of mental states and activities.
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Define introspection.
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a procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe what they are experiencing in response to a stimulus-not scientific
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Define functionalism.
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an early approach to psychology that focused on what the mind does-and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to environment
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What is the Gestalt psychology?
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An approach to psychology that focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a whole sense rather than on the individual elements of perception
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What are the five major perspectives of psychology?
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1. Neuroscience
2. Psychodynamic 3. Behavioral 4. Cognitive 5. Humanistic |
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What is the neuroscience perspective?
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the approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions
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What is the psychodynamic perspective?
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The approach based on the belief that behavior is motivated by the unconcious inner forces over which the individual has little control
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What is the behavioral perspective?
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The approach that suggests that observable behavior should be the focus of study
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What is the cognitve perspective?
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The approach that focuses on how people think, understand and know about the world
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What is the humanistic perspective?
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suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior
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Explain the difference between free will and determinism.
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Free will is the ability to freely make decisions about one's own behavior and life. Determinism sees behsvior as beyond the person's control
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What is information processing?
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how information is inputted, transformed, stored and retrieved
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What are the five major issues in psychology?
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1. nature vs. nurture
2. concious vs. unconscious dterminants of behavior 3. observable behavior vs. internal mental processes 4. free will vs. determinism 5. individual differences vs. universal principles |
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What is operationalization?
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the process of translating a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed
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What is correlational research?
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Research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or "correlated"
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What is a variable?
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Behviors, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way.
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Explain a positive correlation.
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indicates that as the value of one variable increases, we can predict that the value of the other variable will increase
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Explain a negative correlation.
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as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases
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Experimental manipulation
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The change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation
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Treatment
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The manipulation implemented by the experimenter
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Experimental group
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Any group participating in an experiment that receives treatment
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Control group
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a group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment
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Random assignment to condition
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a procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or "conditions" on the basis of chance and chance alone
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Significant outcome
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Meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypotheses
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Name 4 guidelines by the APA (American Psychological Association) aimed at protecting participants in research.
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1 protection from physical and mental harm
2 right to privacy regarding behavior 3 assurance that participation is voluntary 4 necessity of informing participants of nature of procedures |
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What is informed consent?
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a document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve
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Experimental bias
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factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment
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Placebo
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a false treatment, such as a pill, "drug", or other substance, without any significant chemical properties or active ingredient
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What do Empiricists believe?
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all ideas are based on experience, Our knowledge is based on ideas, Sensations and reflections are the basis of our experiences.
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Name 2 Empiricists
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John Locke (1632-1704)
and G. Berkeley (1685-1753) |
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Who started the first laboratory in psychology?
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1875 William James Functionalist(1842-1910)
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What did Wilhelm Wundt believe?
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Psychology was the study of conciousness Structuralist
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Discuss the beliefs of Aristotle
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Born 384 B.C. he believed there was a relationship between the mind and body; but thought the brain was a radiator for the body to cool it down by pushing water throughout,felt goal of life was happiness
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Discuss what Decarte believed
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French philosopher believed that the mind and body interracted, believed in laws of motion and matter, reflex/stimulus, brain used to inflate the body, soul is not mind
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Name 3 behaviorists
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Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner
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Name 3 humanists
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Rogers, Maslov, May-believed humans are innately successful and healthy, believed in free will and ability to control own destiny
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Define mean
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average; takes in all factors
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median
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middle
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validity
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test tests what the test will test
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reliability
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consistency; should not see much change
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Rosenthal Effect
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Tested students and reversed scores/informed teachers/ higher grades went to dull students
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