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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A method of identification that compares fragments of DNA
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DNA fingerprinting
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central portion of the cell containing all the DNA to run the cell
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nucleus
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small structures within the cell which produce energy, inherited through mother
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mitochondria
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the migration of molecules through a solution under the influence of electricity
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electrophoresis
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repeated sequences of base pairs varying from 20 to 100 base pairs long
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variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)
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portions of the DNA not used to code genetic information
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introns
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portions of the DNA that contain the genetic information that determines an organism’s development
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exons
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the scientific application of the principles of heredity to perpetuate desirable qualities in the human race
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eugenics
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organisms that contain artificially inserted genes not acquired through pollination or breeding
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transgenic organisms
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microprojectile bombardment to shoot genes into target organism’s cells where some are incorporated into the DNA
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gene gun method
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uses a soil-dwelling bacteria that can insert its DNA into that of a plant
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Agrobacterium method
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Self-renewing, unspecialized cells that can differentiate into multiple cell types
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Stem cells
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to become specialized in form and function
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differentiate
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tightly packed cells that line the outside and inner cavities of our body whose function is to protect underlying tissue from injuries, pathogens, and drying out
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Epithelial tissue
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a disease-causing agents
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pathogen
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cells are widely separated by a noncellular matrix whose functions include binding organs together, supporting and protecting internal organs, filling spaces, producing blood cells, and storing fat
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Connective tissue
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allows for voluntary and involuntary movement
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Muscular tissue
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allows for sensory input, integration of data, and motor output
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Nervous tissue
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Derived from the inner part of a 4-5 day-old embryo
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Embyronic stem cells
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in an artificial environment outside the living organism
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in vitro
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have the potential to develop into any cell type
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pluripotent
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Undifferentiated cells that occur within differentiated tissue
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Adult stem cells
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have the potential to form a limited number of tissue types, depending on source
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Multipotent
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clone an individual to develop ESCs that are differentiated into needed organs
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therapeutic cloning
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two individuals produce offspring having a combination of genes inherited from both parents
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Sexual reproduction
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a single individual produces offspring genetically identical to itself
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Asexual reproduction
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manually separate an early embryo into individual cells that are allowed to develop into complete organisms
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Twinning
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produce a clone of an adult
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Somatic cell nuclear transfer
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nucleus is removed
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enucleation
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clone an individual and allow it to be born
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Reproductive cloning
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any disorder that affects the heart’s ability to function normally, most commonly a narrowing or blockage of the coronary arterie
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cardiovascular disease
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an interruption in blood supply to the brain
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Stroke
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abnormal concentration of lipids or lipoproteins in the blood
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dyslipidemia
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the heart loses the ability to pump blood efficiently
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congestive heart failure
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high blood pressure, generally considered 140/90
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Hypertension
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chest pain caused by inadequate blood flow through the coronary arteries
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angina pectoris
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a chronic disease where the body’s insulin doesn’t effectively control blood sugar levels
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type 2 diabetes
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the thyroid gland fails to produce enough thyroid hormones, causing mental and physical sluggishness
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hypothyroidism
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inflammation of the gallbladder
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cholecystitis
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deposit of uric acid in the joints, causing pain especially in the legs and feet
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gout
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a chronic disease causing deterioration of the joint cartilage and the formation of bone spurs
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Osteoarthritis
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an accumulation of incompletely developed follicles in the ovaries, characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, infertility and excess hair growth
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polycystic ovary syndrome
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episodes of stopped breathing during sleep which may lead to daytime drowsiness
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sleep apnea
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molecules containing both carbon and hydrogen
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organic compounds
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nutrients the body needs in large amounts
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macronutrients
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nutrients the body needs in small amounts
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micronutrients
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Function as short-term energy storage
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Carbohydrates
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functions include structure and movement, messengers, defense, transport, enzymes
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Proteins
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speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction
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enzymes
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contain all 20 types of amino acids
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complete protein sources
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lack some amino acids
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incomplete protein sources
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Function as an efficient, long-term energy storage molecule and in cellular structure
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Lipids
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will not dissolve in water
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Hydrophobic
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will dissolve in water
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Hydrophilic
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carbon molecules are considered “saturated” with hydrogen molecules
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Saturated fats
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carbon molecules share some double bonds so not “saturated” with hydrogen
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Unsaturated fats
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created by partially hydrogenating unsaturated fats to make them solid at room temperature
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Trans fat
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fatty deposits containing saturated fat and cholesterol
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plaque
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carries cholesterol from the liver to cells
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low density lipoproteins - LDLs
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carries cholesterol from the cells to the liver where it is converted to bile salts and eliminated from the body
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high density lipoproteins - HDLs
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Organic compounds the body needs for metabolic purposes but can’t manufacture in adequate amounts
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Vitamins
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Required elements in the diet
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Minerals
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body contains (more than) >5g of each
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Macrominerals
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body contains (less than) <5g of each
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Microminerals
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Unicellular to multicellular organisms that do not make their own food
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Fungi
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organisms that live on or within another organism without contributing to the survival of the host
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parasites
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unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms
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Bacteria
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A medication to treat or prevent a bacteria infection
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Antibiotics
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simple submicroscopic parasites that are unable to replicate without a host
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Viruses
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Single celled organisms containing a nucleus
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Protozoa
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multicellular worms with internal organs
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Helminthes
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A disease caused by the consumption of food or drink
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Food poisoning
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Autoimmune disease that destroys the cells that line nerves
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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red blood cells are destroyed, damaging organs
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hemolytic uremic syndrome
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Quickly pass food through a radiation field to mutate the DNA of microorganisms
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Irradiation
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Any infectious agent used intentionally to inflict harm upon others
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Biological weapons
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High priority agents that health care systems should be prepared for
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Category A biological weapons
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Second highest priority agents
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Category B biological weapons
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Emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future
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Category C biological weapons
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Infection by Bacillus anthracis that occurs after skin contact with products from contaminated animals
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Cutaneous anthrax
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Infection by Bacillus anthracis that occurs after consumption of undercooked, contaminated meat
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Gastrointestinal anthrax
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Infection by Bacillus anthracis that occurs after very small particles suspended in the air are inhaled
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Inhalation anthrax
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infection by Caused by the Variola virus whose symptoms begin with fever, fatigue, muscle pain, vomiting
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Smallpox
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infection caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria common to rodents whose symptoms include an infection of lymph nodes
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Bubonic plague
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infection caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria common to rodents whose symptoms include bleeding into the skin and organs
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Systemic plague
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infection caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria common to rodents whose symptoms include respiratory failure, shock
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Pneumonic plague
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A cellular disorder requiring a series of mutations within cellular DNA that results in the cells forming a tumor
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Cancer
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an accumulation of cancer cells
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tumor
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a tumor derived from epithelial cells
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carcinoma
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a tumor derived from muscle, fat, bone, cartilage, or other connective tissue
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sarcoma
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a cancer derived from white blood cells
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leukemia
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causes mutations
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mutagen
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cancer causing
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carcinogens
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removal of the growing tumor and some surrounding tissue
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Surgery
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the use of drugs to kill cancer cells
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Chemotherapy
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direct powerful beams of radiation into cancer cells
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Radiation therapy
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the removal of hormone-producing glands and consumption of drugs that interfere with the production or action of hormones
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Hormone therapy
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skin cancer that involves melanocytes
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Melanoma
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skin cancer that begins in the lowest layer of the skin
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basal cell carcinoma
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skin cancer that develops in upper layers of skin
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squamous cell carcinoma
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Non-native species which enter a new ecosystem
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Exotic species
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includes the species within a community plus the physical environment
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ecosystem
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a species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health
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invasive species
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feed on fish
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piscivores
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feed on plankton
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Planktivores
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a point in space and time at which gravitational forces cause matter to have infinite density and infinitesimal volume, and space and time become infinitely distorted
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singularity
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elementary, subatomic particles
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quarks
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a change in the observed frequency of a wave that occurs when the source and observer move relative to one another
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Doppler shift
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how many waves pass a given point in a given time
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frequency
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distance between adjacent peaks
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wavelength
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measure the slight changes in the EM spectrum of a star as the mass of a large planet orbiting the star slightly changes its velocity as the system moves through the galaxy
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Doppler spectroscopy
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observations of the periodic decrease in the light intensity of a star seen on Earth as a planet passes in front of its sun
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transits
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The differences of DNA are found in:
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- number of base pairs
- arrangement of chromosomes - order of base pairs |
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Individual identification
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sequencing their base pair order
sequence small numbers of variable pieces |
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problems with sequencing base pair order of DNA fingerprinting
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-unique code
-expensive and time consuming |
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problems with sequencing small numbers of variable pieces of DNA fingerprinting
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-not necessarily unique
-cant tell if came from same/related/nonrelated person |
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DNA finger printing procedure
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-Get DNA sample
-Extract DNA from the cell -Amplify the DNA to make copies -Cut DNA into pieces using enzymes -Arrange the pieces by size using electrophoresis -Mark the pieces with radioactive molecules -Take a picture of the molecule arrangement -Compare fingerprints |
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The Common source for DNA fingerprinting that uses variable number tandem repeats. It is inhereted from both parents and a combination of parental genes.
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Nuclear DNA (nDNA)
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May be used if DNA sample is old, degraded, or very small. It's more difficult to use than nDNA and is more time consuming. It can be used for a meternally related individual for fingerprint comparison.
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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
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Uses for DNA fingerprinting
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-maternity and paternity
-establish legal nationality -biological parents -ethnicity -criminal investigation forensics -ID of unknown -Anthropology |
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Can be used only to establish maternity
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mtDNA (Mitochondrial DNA)
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Issues with DNA fingerprinting
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-Uniqueness
-Inheritance -Technicalities -Small amounts of DNA -Expensive and time consuming -Civil liberties |
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plants and animals- not people
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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
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limitations to GMOs
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-organizations must be able to breed together
-not a specific genetic change |
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Methods of GMO
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-gene splicing
-genetic engineering |
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Creating a GMO
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-find gene that corresponds to the desired trait
-understand how gene works -cut target DNA segment from original organism using enzyme scissors -insert gene into target using gene gun method -grow plants in a medium containing the herbicide or antibiotic corresponding to marker gene -test new plant -cross GMO w/ conventional crop varieties |
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Farmers biggest challenges
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Weed control
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A soil bacteria that produces an insecticide which doesnt impact mammals and birds
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Pest control
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Most GMOs
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herbicide tolerant or pest resistant
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bacterial insecticide gene was incorporated into these crops for pest control
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corn and cotton
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Reasons for GMOs
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-Weed Control
-Pest Control -Improves taste, nutrition or shelf life of plants |
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Future of GMO
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-delayed ripening tomatoes
-salt tolerant tomatoes -naturally decaffinated tea or coffee -nicotine-free tabacco |
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Potential problems of GMOs
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-could increase pest rates
-could produce new proteins that trigger allergies or produce toxins -ethical issues (dangerous/morally wrong) |
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how are crops genetically modified to assit a farmer with insect pest control?
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bacterial insecticide gene was incorporated into crops
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how are crops genetically modified to assit a farmer with weed control?
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herbicide tolerant crops are genetically modified to be tolerant to a broad spectrum herbicide (not harmful to crops)
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What are the tissue types used in stem cells
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-Epithelial
-Connective -Muscular -Nervous |
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Differences of embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells
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-embryonic s.c. are from inner part of 4-5 day old embryos, is obtained from excess embryos created for in vitro, can be generate in large numbers, could form benign tumor if directly injected into organism
-ASC are rare and wont culture indefinitely, can be returned to undifferentiated state. they are multipotent and difficult to identify and isolate from tissue |
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types of reproduction
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sexual and asexual
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Types of cloning
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-twinning
-reproductive cloning -theraputic cloning -Somatic cell nuclear transfer |
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Why an animal may be cloned
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-to replicate GMOs reliably
-Reproduce valuable livestock more precisely than with selective breeding -replicate endangered or extinct species |
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Problems with cloning
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-very inefficient
-problems during pregnancy -clones seem to age faster than normal -clones are virtually identical to the donor |
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Uses of stem cells
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-still energy in research and development
-treat cancer -understand embryonic development -treat new drugs -transplantation research |
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Measures of obesity
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- % body fat
- BMI - waist size |
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Body mass index (BMI) equation
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Weight (in kg)
-------------- height2 (in m) 25-29.9 indicates overweight 30 or more is obese |
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Causes of obesity
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-Age
-Genetics -Gender -Physical inactivity -consume more calories thank the body needs -medications -evironmental factors -lifestyle behaviors -psychological factors -illness (depression) |
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impacts of obesity
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-problems w/ cardiovascular system- stroke, high cholestroal, congestive heart failure, hypertension
-endocrine system (type 2 diabetes) -digestive system -skeletal system -reproductive system -urinary system |
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how to control weight
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regular exercise (any exercise at all!) and healthy diet
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why should you try to decrease the amount of fat consumed in your diet?
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it can lead to many health problems such as clogged arteries and stroke.
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The body needs
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-large amounts of macronutrients (carbs, proteins)
-smaller amounts of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) -water |
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Types of pathogens
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-Fungi
-Bacteria -Viruses -Antibiotics -Protozoa -Helminthes |
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develops because of genetic variations within a population
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antibiotic resistance
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causes of antibiotic resistance
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-natural evolution
-inappropriate human use -livestock use |
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symptoms of food poisioning
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-flu like
-may affect nervous system -can cause death |
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triggered 1 in every 1000 cases of food poisioning
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Guillain Barre Syndrome
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Rare form of food poisioning
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Botulism
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how to prevent food poisioning
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wash hands
cook meat thoroughly wash fruit and vegetables |
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How irradiation assists in prevention of food poisioning
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it mutates the DNA of microorganisms
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Problems with irradiation
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slight increase of price
public concerns about radiation |
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cheap, easy to make, simple to conceal, produced anywhere, not easy to weaponize, divided into three categories
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Biological weapons
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Biological weapons
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-anthrax
-botulism -small pox -plague -viral hemorraghic fevers |
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Two common sources of Salmonella food poisioning
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eggs and raw meat
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Causes of cancer
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-organic chemicals
-viruses |
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What are organic chemicals that cause cancer?
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-foods
-hormones -pollutants |
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what are the viruses that cause cancer?
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-hepatitis B
-human papillomavirus -epstein-Barr |
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Common Cancers
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-Prostate (men)
-Breast (women) -lung -colon |
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Breast cancer treatment
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-Surgery
-Chemotherapy -Radiation therapy -hormone therapy |
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Chemotherapy side effects
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-vomiting and nausea
-hair loss -anemia -decreased clotting of blood -increased infections -mouth sores |
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Two major types of skin cancer
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Melanoma and nonmelanomas
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two types of nonmelanomas skin cancer
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basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma |
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treatments for skin cancer
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surgery
cyrosurgery laser surgery |
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Great Lakes
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Huron
Ontario Michigan Erie Superior |
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what are the largest and smallest great lakes?
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largest- superior
smallest- ontario |
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how are exotic species introduced?
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deliberate human intro
accidental human intro migration |
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problems with exotic species
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invasive species
lack of population controls leads to extinction of native species |
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Native to Atlantic ocean and lake ontario, attack large fish, entered great lakes through welland canal, parasitic
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sea lamprey
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Problems with sea lamprey
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they contributed to the loss of most large piscivores
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Native to Atlantic Ocean, Planktivores, entered through welland canal
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Alewife
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Alewife Problems
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sensitive to changes in food availability
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types of Pacific Salmon
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-Coho
-Brown Trout -Pink Salmon -Chinook |
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What Pacific Salmon do
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-reduce alewife number
-provide commercial and recreational fishing |
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Efficient Planktivores, easy transport, small bottom dwelling clams
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Zebra Mussels
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Zebra mussel problems
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-attach to hard surfaces
-form large colonies |
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A wetland plant, originally from Eurasia
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Purple Loosestrife
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Control of Purple loosestrife
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difficult to control, eradicate
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how to control exotic species
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prevent their introduction
currently evaluating its effectiveness |
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Universe was created 15 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter in all directions
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Big Bang Theory
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Electromagnetic Spectrum categories
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frequency
wavelength radio microwaves infared visible light ultraviolent x-rays gamma rays |