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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is general undernutrition
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a deficiency in calories
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what is specific undernutrition
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a deficiency in an essential nutrient
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what is primary undernutrition
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deficiency resulting from lack of food
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what is secondary undernutrition
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deficiency resulting from another condition
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give 3 causes of undernutrition and give an example of when they might occur
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1) reduced dietary intake eg famine
2) reduced absorption eg crohn's disease 3) increased demand for nutrients eg cancer, burns, pregnancy growth |
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give an example of mechanical undernutrition from reduced dietary intake?
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oesophageal cancer
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give an example of a pathological cause of increased calorie demand?
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cancer, burns, infection, trauma,
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what is another cause of undernutrition which does not fit into the 3 main categories?
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type 1 diabetes
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describe the bodies response to starvation in terms of anabolism/catabolism
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1) immediately carbohydrate catabolism, uses up liver glycogen after 24 hours
2) then for a few days de novo gluconeogenesis using substrates such as amino acids, glycerol 3) then a switch to fatty acid metabolism, no more protein breakdown, ketone metabolism 4) when fat reserves run out, return to protein catabolism, rapid degeneration and death |
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how long does adaption to ketone metabolism take?
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3 weeks
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what two things prompt the switch to ketone metabolism in starvation
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falling glucose and insulin levels encourage lypolysis
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what are the two substrates of gluconeogenesis?
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glycerol and amino acids
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how does the following body system respond to starvation: immune system
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decreased abiltiy to fight infection
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how does the following body system respond to starvation: skeletal muscle
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decreased muscle mass, decreased ability to do work
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how does the following body system respond to starvation: cardiovascular system
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reduced heart size, reduced blood pressure, eventually cardiac failure
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how does the following body system respond to starvation: respiratory system
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slow breathing, reduced lung function, eventually respiratory failure
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how does the following body system respond to starvation: reproductive system
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shrinking of gonads
cessation of periods in females |
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how does the following body system respond to starvation: digestive system
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shrinking of stomach
diahroea reduction in production of stomach acid |
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how does the following body system respond to starvation: metabolism
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fluid accumulation on arms and legs
hypothermia |
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how does the following body system respond to starvation: blood
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anaemia
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how does the following body system respond to starvation: skin and hair
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thin, inelastic skin
dry hair that falls out easily |
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how does the following body system respond to starvation: nervous system
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apathy, irritability, mental dysfunction
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what are the two types of protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
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kwashikor
marasmus |
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what is the name for dry PEM and what causes it?
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marasmus
deficiency in protein and calorie intake |
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what is the name for wet PEM and what causes it
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kwashiokor
deficiency in protein |
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what symptom is found in wet PEM
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oedema
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explain refeeding syndrome
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starvation causes a decrease in intracellular electrolytes
refeeding, and increased carbohydrate intake and circulating insulin causes an increased deman for intracellular electrolytes this causes hypophosphataemia which causes rhabdomyolosis this can lead to heart failure |
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what deficiency is found in refeeding syndrome
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hypophosphataemia
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what 3 things does rhabodmyolosis cause in refeeding syndrome?
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cardiac failure
respiratory failure leucocyte dysfunction |
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how should you refeed a starving person?
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at 25% of their nutrient requirement for first few days
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define dietetics
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use of diet in prevention / treatment of disease
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what are the basic requirements for using dietetics?
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1) know normal nutritional requirements
2) know food composition 3) diagnosis underlying disorder 4) asses nutritional status 5) devise meal plan 6) monitor compliance 7) asses and adjust appropriately |
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what are the 5 ways of assesing nutritional status?
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anthropometry
body composition biochemistry / haemotology function dietary assessment |
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how do you asses nutritional status using anthropometry?
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height, weight, girth, BMI
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how do you asses nutritional status using body composition
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MUAC- mid upper arm circumference
skin fold thickness Body water % - BIA: bioelectrical impedence analysis |
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how do you asses nutritional status using biochemistry / haematology
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check plasma protein / electrolytes
check lipids / vitamins check for anaemia |
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how do you asses nutritional status using function
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handgrip
standing up wound healing |
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how do you asses nutritional status using dietary assessment
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24 hour recalls, diaries, FFQ - food frequency questionaire
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give an exammple of a secondary undernutrition condition?
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short bowel syndrome
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what causes short bowel syndrome? what are teh symptoms and treatment?
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resection of 2/3rds of the bowel
causes malabsorption symptoms; lethargy, diahhroea treatment: IV nutirtion, feed with monosaccharides and amino acids |
