Uncc Anatomy 2 Chapter 18

Front 1

Main Endocrine System Functions

Back 1

-Metabolism
-Control of food intake and digestion
-Tissue maturation
-Ion Regulation
-Water Balance
-Heart Rate and blood pressure recognition
-Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
-Control of reproductive functions
-Uterine contractions and milk release
-Immune system regulation

Front 2

Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus

Back 2

Where nervous and endocrine systems interact
Hypothalamus regulates secretions of anterior pituitary

Front 3

The Posterior Pituitary

Back 3

An extension of the hypothalamus and consists of the infundibulum and the neurohypophysis
DOES NOT MAKE HORMONES

Front 4

The Anterior Pituitary

Back 4

Produces nine major hormones that:
Regulate body functions
Regulate the secretions of other endocrine glands

Front 5

The hypothalamohypophysial portal

Back 5

Connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
-Neurohormones are produced in hypothalamic neurons
-The neurohormones inhibit or stimulate hormone production in the anterior pituitary

Front 6

The hypothalamohypophysial tract

Back 6

Connects the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary.
-Neurohormones move down the axons of the tract and are secreted from the posterior pituitary.

Front 7

Hormones of the Hypothalamus

Back 7

GHRH, GHIH, TRH, CRH, GnRH, PRH, and PIH
*R=Releasing
*I=Inhibiting

Front 8

Posterior Pituitary Hormones(2)

Back 8

ADH and Oxytocin

Front 9

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)

Back 9

Also called vasopressin(promotes water retention by kidneys)
-High ADH=higher reabsorption of water in blood
-Stimulus of release- increase in blood concentration(detected by osmoreceptors) or decrease in blood volume(by barorecptors)
Targets the Kidneys

Front 10

Oxytocin

Back 10

Stimulus for release-Pressure on cervix or stretch of uterus
Target tissues-Uterus, mammary glands
Response of target tissues-Uterine contractions or release of milk
Positive response

Front 11

Anterior Pituitary Hormones(9)

Back 11

-Growth Hormone(GH)
-Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)
-Adrenocorticotopic hormone(ACTH)
-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH)
-Beta endorphins
-Lipotropins
-Luteinizing hormone(LH)
-Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)
-Prolactin

Front 12

Growth Hormone(GH)

Back 12

sometimes called somatotropin
-GH secretion increases in response to an increase in blood amino acids, low blood glucose, or stress
-Releasing hormone-GHRH
-Inhibiting hormone-GHIH
Targets most tissues
Target tissue responses-increased protein synthesis, increased tissue growth, increased fat breakdown, increased glucose synthesis, and increased somatomedin secretion
Receptors-Membrane bound

Front 13

Thyrotopin(TSH)

Back 13

causes the release of thyroid hormones(T3 and T4)
Releasing hormone-TRH
No inhibiting hormones
Target tissues-Thyroid gland
Response of target tissues-Release of thyroid hormones(T3 &T4)
Receptors-Membrane bound(G protein cAMP

Front 14

ACTH

Back 14

Stimulates cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex and increases skin pigmentation.
Releasing hormone-CRH
No inhibiting hormone
Target tissues Adrenal Cortex
Response of target tissues- Causes cortisol and aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex, binds directly to melanocytes of the skin, causes increase in the production of melanin.
Receptors-Membrane bound(G protein cAMP)

Front 15

Lipotropins

Back 15

Cause fat breakdown

Front 16

Beta endorphins

Back 16

Play a role in analgesia(inability to feel pain), released during stress

Front 17

MSH

Back 17

increases skin pigmentation

Front 18

Gonadotropins

Back 18

Glycoprotein hormones that promote growth and function of the gonads(LH, FSH, and prolactin)

Front 19

Leutinizing Hormone (LH)

Back 19

Releasing hormone-GnRH
No inhibiting hormones
Target tissues-ovaries or testes
Response of target tissues-Regulates production of gametes and reproductive hormones(Testosterone is males, Estrogen and Progesterone in females)
Receptors- Membrane Bound(G protein and cAMP)

Front 20

Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH)

Back 20

Releasing hormone-GnRH
No Inhibiting Hormone
Target tissues-Follicles in Ovaries or Seminiferous tubules in Testes
Target Tissue Response-Regulates production of gametes and reproductive
Hormones-Testosterone in males(sperm production), Estrogen and Progesterone in females(follicle maturation)
Receptors- Membrane bound (G protein and cAMP)

Front 21

Prolactin

Back 21

Releasing hormone-PRH
Inhibiting hormone- PIH
Target tissues- Ovaries and mammary glands in females
Target tissue response-Milk production, oxytocin=milk release
Receptors-Membrane bound

Front 22

Thyroid Gland

Back 22

Located inferior to the larynx
-Composed of follicles: follicular cells surrounding thyroglobulin/thyroid hormones
-Parafollicular cells- between follicles,secrete calcitonin

Front 23

Thyroid Hormones(T3 & T4)

Back 23

synthesis occurs in thyroid follicles
1. Active transport of iodide into follicular cells
2. Thyroglobulin synthesized in follicular cells from Tyrosine
3. Thyroglobulin is secreted into follicular lumen by exocytosis
4. Two iodinated tyrosine amino acids of thyroglobulin to form T3 or T4
5. T3 & T4 are stored in follicular lumen
6. Stimulation of Thyroid gland by TSH leads to endocytosis of thyroglobulin into follicle cells
7. Enzymes breakdown thyroglobulin releasing T3 & T4
8. T3 & T4 are transported in blood with TBG(thyroxine binding globulin)

Front 24

Regulation of T3 & T4 Secretion

Back 24

1. TRH increases from cold, food deprivation and stress
2. TRH from the hypothalamus increases TSH secretion
3. Increased TSH from the anterior pituitary increases T3 & T4 secretion.
4. T3 & T4 increase the rate of glucose, fat, and protein metabolism in many tissues, thus increasing body temperature. Normal growth of many tissues is dependent on T3 & T4.
5. T3 & T4 bind with nuclear receptor molecules and initiate new protein synthesis.
6. T3 & T4 inhibit TSH and TRH

Front 25

Calcitonin

Back 25

-Produced by parafollicular cells
-Secretion triggered by HIGH calcium concentration in blood.
-Calcitonin decreases calcium concentration by inhibiting osteoclasts
-Primary target tissue-bone; decrease osteoclast activity, lengthens lifespan of osteoblasts

Front 26

Parathyroid Glands

Back 26

Embedded in the thyroid gland

Front 27

Parathyroid Hormone(PTH)

Back 27

Stimulated by a decrease in blood calcium.
Increases blood calcium levels:
-PTH stimulates osteoclasts
-PTH promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys and the formation of active vitamin D by the kidneys
-Active vitamin D increases calcium absorption by the intestine.
Target areas- kidneys, intestines, bones

Front 28

Adrenal Glands

Back 28

Near the superior poles of the kidneys

Front 29

The Adrenal Medulla

Back 29

Composed of closely packed cells

Front 30

The Adrenal Cortex(3 layers)

Back 30

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis

Front 31

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

Back 31

Prepare the body for physical activity.
80% Epinephrine and 20% Norepinephrine
Stimulated by the sympathetic division in response to emotions, injury, stress, exercise and low blood glucose levels

Front 32

Effects of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine(7)

Back 32

-Increased release of glucose from liver
-Increased fat release
-Increased heart rate
-Increased constriction of blood vessels in skin and vasodilation in skeletal and cardiac muscles
-Increased BP
-Decreased digestive functions

Front 33

The Zona Glomerulosa

Back 33

Secretes Mineralocorticoids, or aldosterone

Front 34

Aldosterone

Back 34

Acts on the kidneys to increase blood levels of sodium by increasing sodium reabsorption and decreases blood levels of potassium and hydrogen levels by increasing K+ and H+ ion secretion.

Front 35

The Zona Fasciculata

Back 35

Secretes glucocorticoids, or cortisol

Front 36

Cortisol

Back 36

-Low blood sugar levels or stress stimulate CRH secretion
-CRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release ACTH
-ACTH releases cortisol
Once cortisol levels are optimal it inhibits CRH and ACTH

Front 37

Cortisol Effects

Back 37

-Increases fat and protein breakdown
-Increase glucose synthesis from amino acids
-Decreases the inflammatory response

Front 38

The Zona Reticularis

Back 38

Secretes androgens. In females androgens stimulate axillary and pubic hair growth and sex drive.

Front 39

Pancreas

Back 39

Located along the small intestine and stomach
Both an exocrine and endocrine gland

Front 40

Pancreas(exocrine portion)

Back 40

Consists of a complex duct system ending in small sacs called acini(grape-like) that produce pancreatic digestive juices.

Front 41

Pancreas(endocrine)

Back 41

Consists of pancreatic islets. Each islet is composed of:
-alpha cells, which secrete glucagon
-beta cells, which secrete insulin
-delta cells, which secrete somatostatin

Front 42

Insulin

Back 42

target tissues are the liver, adipose tissue, muscle, and hunger sensation in the hypothalamus
-insulin increases uptake of glucose and amino acids by cells

Front 43

Glucose

Back 43

Is used for energy or stored as glycogen
-Amino acids are used for energy or are converted to glucose or proteins

Front 44

Glucagon("Glucose-gone")

Back 44

Target tissue is mainly the liver
-causes breakdown of glycogen and fats for use as an energy source

Front 45

Insulin Secretion

Back 45

Increases because of
-elevated blood glucose levels
-an increase in some amino acids
-parasympathetic stimulation, and gastrointestinal hormones

Sympathetic stimulation decreases insulin secretion

Front 46

Glucagon Secretion is stimulated by

Back 46

-Low blood glucose levels
-certain amino acids
-sympathetic stimulation

Front 47

Somatostatin

Back 47

Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

Front 48

Immediately after a meal

Back 48

-High glucose levels inhibit glucagon, cortisol, GH, and epinephrine, reducing the release of glucose from tissues.
-Insulin secretion increases, increasing the uptake of glucose, amino acids, and fats are used for energy or stored

Front 49

Many hours after a meal

Back 49

1. Blood glucose levels decrease
2. Glucagon, GH, cortisol and epinephrine levels increase
3. Insulin decreases, glucose is released from tissues
4. Adipose tissue releases fatty acids, triglycerides and ketones, for energy

Front 50

During Short Term Exercise

Back 50

Short term:
-Increased Sympathetic stimulation
-Increased E and Glucagon
-Decreased Insulin
-Glycogen is broken down and glucose released
-Increased breakdown of fat

Front 51

Prolonged Exercise(2 hours or more)

Back 51

-ACTH, Cortisol, and GH released
-Increased protein breakdown in muscle
-Increased breakdown of fat

Front 52

Testosterone(Male)

Back 52

-Released from interstitial cells of testes
-Targets most cells
-Response- secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production

Front 53

Inhibin(Male)

Back 53

-Released from sertoli cells of testes
-Targets anterior pituitary
-Inhibits release of FSH

Front 54

Estrogen(Female)

Back 54

-Released form ovaries
-Target most cells
-Secondary sexual charateristics

Front 55

Erysipelas (St. Anthony's fire)
1. Cause
2. Description
3. MC locations
4. tx

Back 55

Erysipelas (St. Anthony's fire)
1. GABHS
2. unilateral, erythematous patch, sharply demarcated, hot; HALLMARK = raised border & peau d'organge
3. face, scalp, legs, abdomen, lymphangitis
4. PO/parenteral PCN, macrolides

Front 56

Inhibin(Female)

Back 56

-Released from ovaries
-Targets anterior pituitary
-Inhibits release of FSH

Front 57

Relaxin(Female)

Back 57

-Released from ovaries
-Targets connective tissue cells
-Increase flexibility of connective tissue in pelvis

Front 58

Melatonin

Back 58

-Released from Pineal Gland
-Targets the hypothalamus
-Inhibits GnRH
-lights inhibit melatonin

Front 59

Thymosin

Back 59

-targets the immune tissue(lymphocytes) and is involved in the development of the immune system