Umkc Histology Exam 3 Blue Boxes

Front 1

Histologically in glomerulonephritis (Systemic lupus erythematosus- SLE)
-glomerulus is full of ___& ___

Back 1

-glomerulus is full of full of CELLS & SOLIDS

Front 2

Histologically in glomerulonephritis (Systemic lupus erythematosus- SLE)
-glomerular capillary loops are partially obstructed by _____ ______& _______ -______.

Back 2

-glomerular capillary loops are partially obstructed by ACTIVATED ENDOTHELIAL & MESANGIAL CELLS

Front 3

Histologically in glomerulonephritis (Systemic lupus erythematosus- SLE)
-thicker _____ ______ ______

Back 3

thicker GLOMERURAL BASEMENT MEMBRANE

Front 4

Glomerulonephritis- Changes result from??? 2 things

Back 4

changes result from: 1.Deposition of immune complexes (antigens/Ab) & 2.Response of intrinsic glomerular cells

Front 5

Glomerulonephritis- Symptoms of Lupus nephritis: 5

Back 5

-Symptoms of lupus nephritis: 1.Hematuria,
2.Proteinuria,
3.Nephrotic syndrome,
4.Hypertension,
5.Chronic renal failure

Front 6

Diabetic Renal Disease =--

Back 6

Diabetic Nephropathy-

Front 7

What is the most common cause of renal failure in affluent countries?

Back 7

Diabetic Nephropathy!

Front 8

Diabetic Nephropathy is increased in type __ Diabetes occurs w/ increasing what?
Decreasing what?
What else?

Back 8

Diabetic Nephropathy is increased in TYPE--2-Diabetes
Occurs w/
1.Increasing OBESITY
2.Decreasing EXERCISE
3.(& some GENTIC FACTORS)

Front 9

Early signs of diabetic nephropathy is ??

Back 9

Proteinuria

Front 10

Diabetic Nephropathy Histologically: thickening of _______ ________ membrane & increase in _______ ______ =__________ __________

Back 10

Diabetic Nephropathy Histologically: thickening of MESANGIAL BASEMENT MEMBRANE & increase in MESANGIAL MATRIC
=DIABETIC GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS

Front 11

Diabetic Nephropathy- Proteinuria can be caused by:

Back 11

1.Chemical mediators that induce increased deposition of mesangial matrix b/c of high [glucose]
2.Directpodocyte injury
3.Changes in slit pore membrane

Front 12

In Diabetic Renal Diseases:
Diabetics also suffer:

Back 12

1. Vascular Disease,
2. Hypertension,
3. Increased Infections in Kidney

Front 13

Anterior Pituitary Disorders:
Benign (don’t’ invade tissues) but have fatal consequences
-excessive continuous production of hormone (uncontrolled by feedback mechanisms)
-

Back 13

-Pituitary adenoma-

Front 14

Anterior Pituitary Disorders
-Tumor of corticotrophs secretes excess ____ which stimulates ______ to produce a lot of corticosteroid

Back 14

Tumor of corticotrophs secretes excess ATCH which stimulates ADRENALS to produce a lot of Corticosteriod.

Front 15

-Tumor of corticotrophs secretes excess ACTH- stimulates adrenals to produce a lot of corticosteroid
- Leads to what disease?

Back 15

-Leads to Cushing’s disease

Front 16

Anterior Pituitary Disorder:
Tumor of somatotrophs produce excess ____ _______

Back 16

Tumor of somatotrophs produce excess GROWTH HORMONE

Front 17

Anterior Pituitary Disorder:
Tumor of somatotrophs produce excess growth hormone:
Causes- what in children and adults?

Back 17

gigantism in children/
Acromegaly in adults

Front 18

Some pituitary adenomas produce no homrones but grow so large towards the:

Back 18

towards the sellaturcica

Front 19

Gigantism is what kind of disease? where does it come from? how is it caused?

Back 19

Anterior pituitary disease/pituitary adenoma
-somatotroph and excess GH

Front 20

Cushings diseases is caused by what / from where? and why?

Back 20

anterior pituitary disease/ pituitary adenoma from corcosteriod= excess ATCH

Front 21

Acromegaly is what kind of disease? where does it come from? how is it caused?

Back 21

anterior pitutary disease / pituitatry adenoma
caused by excess situmulation of GH from somatotophs.

Front 22

Pituitary adenomas produce no homrones but grow so large towards the:Sellaturica Compress/damage ____ _____ & ______ Leading to _____ ______/_______

Back 22

Compress/damageCHIASMA & NERVES : VISION PROBLEMS/BLIDNESS

Front 23

Anterior Pituitary Glands
-Pituitary gland can rarely be destroyed by disease blocking its arterial supply
Leads to necrosis of cells and failure of hormone output=

Back 23

Panhypopituitarism

Front 24

Tumor-like nodules arise in thyroid gland
-follicle epithelial cells synthesize/secrete thyroid hormone w/o a significant inactive storage phase is what?

Back 24

Thyroid Hyperplasia:
=Nodular hyperplasia

Front 25

Grave's disease is part of what category of diesases?

Back 25

Thyroid Hyperplasia it is a Diffuse Hyperplasia

Front 26

Patient produces autoantibody (Long-acting thyroid stimulator- LATS)

Back 26

Grave’s disease-

Front 27

Patient produces autoantibody (Long-acting thyroid stimulator- LATS) -LATS mimicks ___& ______ thyroid to secrete excess hormone
-affects ___ _____ ____=
-epithelial cells are larger/active and depleted of stored colloid w/I follicles

Back 27

Patient produces autoantibody (Long-acting thyroid stimulator- LATS) -LATS mimicks TSH & STIMULATES thyroid to secrete excess hormone
-affects: ALL THYROID FOLLICLES=
-epithelial cells are larger/active and depleted of stored colloid w/I follicles

Front 28

Both patterns of hyperplasia: Nodular and Diffusion produce:

Back 28

Thyrotoxicosis

Front 29

-Normal thyroid, most follicles are full of stored colloid/epithelium is in ______ storage phase
-only a few are ___ _____
-this is under the control of ____ ____ ____ () secreted by ANTERIOR PITUITARY

Back 29

-Normal thyroid, most follicles are full of stored colloid/epithelium is in INACTIVE storage phase
-only a few are RELEASING HORMONE -this is under the control of THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE(TSH) secreted by anterior pituitary

Front 30

TSH is secreted by?

Back 30

anterior pituitary

Front 31

Disorders of the Parathyroid Gland:
-Parathyroid glands overwork

Back 31

Hyperparathyroidism-

Front 32

Disorders of the Parathyroid Gland:
HYPERPARATHYRODISM-Parathyroid glands overwork=
-Most common cause:

Back 32

Most common coause: Benign tumor in 1 of the parathyroid glands- Parathyroid adenoma

Front 33

-Hyperparathyroidism
-Most common cause: benign tumor in 1 of the parathyroid glands- Parathyroid adenoma
=>Unresponsive to normal feedback mechanisms related to ____ ____ ______
-excess parathormone stimulates excess OCl erosion of bone w/ release of bone____
=________

Back 33

=>Unresponsive to normal feedback mechanisms related to BLOOD CA2+ LEVELS
-Excess parathormone stimulates excess OCl erosion of bone w/ release of BONE CA
= HYPERCALCEMIA

Front 34

HYPERCALCEMA from hyperparathyroidism leads to_____ ,x-ray abnormalities, increased risk of ____ _____ = ______ ___________

Back 34

-Leads to BONE PAIN, bbone pain, x-ray abnormalities, increased risk of KIDNEY STONES == PRIMARY HYPERARATHYROIDISM

Front 35

2ndary response of parathyroid glands to low Ca in patients w/ kidney failure

Back 35

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism-

Front 36

Secondary Hyperathyrodism-parathyroids become enlarged= _______ _____& secrete excess parathormone
attempts to bring ____ _____ ______ back to normal

Back 36

parathyroids become ENLARGE= PARATHYROID HYPERLASIA) &secrete excess parathormone
attempts to bring SERUM CA LEVELS back to normal

Front 37

PARATHYROID HYPERPLASIA=

Back 37

ENLARGED PARATHYROID

Front 38

Parathyroid glands underwork
-produce little/no hormone
-rare and due to surgical removal of all parathyroid glands during total thyroidectomy

Back 38

HYPOparathyroidism-

Front 39

Hypoparathyroidism-parathyroid glands underwork
-produce ____/___hormone
-___ & due to ____ ____ of all parathyroid glands during total ______

Back 39

Hypoparathyroidism-parathyroid glands underwork
-Produce LITTLE/NO hormone
-RARE& due to SURGICAL REMOVAL of all parathyroid glands during total THYROIDECTOMY

Front 40

.Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex:
-Destruction of adrenals cause failure of secretion of all adrenal cortical hormones= Hypoadrenalism
-Addison’s Disease- weakness, fatigue, skin pigmentation, postural hypotension, hypovolemia, low blood Na

Back 40

. Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex:
-Destruction of adrenals cause failure of secretion of all ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES=Hypoadrenalism

Front 41

Disorders of Adrenal Cortex:
-Destruction of adrenals cause failure of secretion of all adrenal cortical hormones=________

Back 41

HYPOADRENALISM

Front 42

Adrenal cortex disease of hypoadrenalism which causes: weakness, fatigue, skin pigmentation, postural hypotension, hypovolemia, low blood Na????

Back 42

-Addison’s Disease-

Front 43

Adrenal cortex disorder of excess secretion of 1+ cortical hormones ??

Back 43

Hyperadrenalism- (More common adrenal cortex disorder
ex. cushings and conns syndromes

Front 44

Hyperadrenalism- excess secretion of 1+ cortical hormones-
Adrenalcortx secretion of mineralocorticoids?

Back 44

Conn’s Syndrome

Front 45

Hyperadrenalism- excess secretion of 1+ cortical hormone
-adrenal cortex secretion of glucocorticoids?

Back 45

Cushing’s syndrome

Front 46

Adrenal cortex disorders
Excess hormone produced by:

Back 46

1. Benign tumor (Adrenal cortical adenoma)
2. Malignant tumor (adrenal cortical carcinoma)
3.affects all 3 types of cortical hormone (including androgens)-Diffuse hyperplasia

Front 47

Ectopic ACTH syndrome- is what kind of disorder?

Back 47

is an ADRENAL CORTEX DISORDER

Front 48

Adrenal Cortex Disorder:
That occurs when a tumor elsewhere in body secretes excessive amts of ACTH which stimulates the zona fasciculate to produce excess glucocorticoids

Back 48

Ectopic ACTH syndrome-

Front 49

Adrenal Cortex Disorder:
That occurs when a tumor elsewhere in body secretes excessive amts of ACTH which stimulates the zona fasciculate to produce excess glucocorticoids

Back 49

Ectopic ACTH syndrome-

Front 50

Ectopic ACTH syndrome-is an adrenal cortex disorder that occurs when a tumor elsewhere in body secretes excessive amts of ____ which stimulates the ___ _______ to produce excess ___________-

Back 50

Ectopic ACTH syndrome-is an adrenal cortex disorder that occurs when a tumor elsewhere in body secretes excessive amts of ACTH which stimulates the ZONA FASCICULATE to produce excess GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Front 51

Ectopic ACTH syndrome-is an adrenal cortex disorder that occurs when a tumor elsewhere in body secretes excessive amts of ____ which stimulates the ___ _______ to produce excess ___________-

Back 51

Ectopic ACTH syndrome-is an adrenal cortex disorder that occurs when a tumor elsewhere in body secretes excessive amts of ACTH which stimulates the ZONA FASCICULATE to produce excess GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Front 52

Islets of Langerhans contain _____ cells which produce a range of ______

Back 52

Islets of Langerhans contain ENDOCRINE cells which produce a range of HORMONES!

Front 53

Islets of Langerhans contain _____ cells which produce a range of ______

Back 53

Islets of Langerhans contain ENDOCRINE cells which produce a range of HORMONES!

Front 54

Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas:
Disease of insulin metabolism

Back 54

Diabetes Mellitus:

Front 55

Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas:
Disease of insulin metabolism

Back 55

Diabetes Mellitus:

Front 56

Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas:
Diabetes Mellitus: disease of insulin metabolism
-Type that begins in childhood???

Back 56

Type I:

Front 57

Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas:
Diabetes Mellitus: disease of insulin metabolism
-Type that begins in childhood???

Back 57

Type I:

Front 58

Diabetes Mellitus: disease of insulin metabolism
-Type I: begins in childhood
-Results in: loss of _____ ___ in _______ ______(including the ones that secrete ______)
-Islet cells destruction is due to: _______ response (via ____ infection)
-widespread effects on carb, protein, fat metabolism
leads to ______ _____ ______ ______

Back 58

-Type I: begins in childhood
-Results in: loss of ENDOCRINE CELLS in PANCREATIC ISLETS (including the ones that secrete INSULIN)
-Islet cells destruction is due to: AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE (via VIRAL infection)
-Widespread effects on: CARB, PROTEIN, FAT METABOLISM leads to COMPLEX METABOLIC STRUCTURAL DISEASES

Front 59

Diabetes Mellitus: disease of insulin metabolism
-Type I: begins in childhood
-Results in: loss of _____ ___ in _______ ______(including the ones that secrete ______)
-Islet cells destruction is due to: _______ response (via ____ infection)
-widespread effects on carb, protein, fat metabolism
leads to ______ _____ ______ ______

Back 59

-Type I: begins in childhood
-Results in: loss of ENDOCRINE CELLS in PANCREATIC ISLETS (including the ones that secrete INSULIN)
-Islet cells destruction is due to: AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE (via VIRAL infection)
-Widespread effects on: CARB, PROTEIN, FAT METABOLISM leads to COMPLEX METABOLIC STRUCTURAL DISEASES

Front 60

Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus- disease of insulin metabolis: Type that occurs in late adult life??

Back 60

Type II:

Front 61

Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus- disease of insulin metabolis: Type that occurs in late adult life??

Back 61

Type II:

Front 62

Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes type 2:
-Late adult life
-________ of target cells to the effect of insulin
-NOT _______ of insulin production by ______ _____

Back 62

Diabetes type 2:
-Late adult life
-RESISTANCE of target cells to the effect of INSULIN
-NOT FAILURE of insulin production by PANCREATIC ISLETS

Front 63

Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes type 2:
-Late adult life
-________ of target cells to the effect of insulin
-NOT _______ of insulin production by ______ _____

Back 63

Diabetes type 2:
-Late adult life
-RESISTANCE of target cells to the effect of INSULIN
-NOT FAILURE of insulin production by PANCREATIC ISLETS

Front 64

Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas:
-insulin secreting tumor produces Hyperinsulinism w/ hypoglycemic symptoms
-rarely produce disease from excessive secretion of 1 of the islet hormones

Back 64

Tumors of the Islets of Langerhans:

Front 65

Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas:
-insulin secreting tumor produces Hyperinsulinism w/ hypoglycemic symptoms
-rarely produce disease from excessive secretion of 1 of the islet hormones

Back 65

Tumors of the Islets of Langerhans:

Front 66

Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas:
Tumors of the Islets of Langerhans:
-____secreting tumor produces _______ w/ hypoglycemic symptoms
-rarely produce disease from excessive secretion of 1 of the islet hormones

Back 66

Tumors of the Islets of Langerhans:
-INSULIN secreting tumor produces HYPERINSULINM w/ HYPOGLYCEMIC symptoms
-rarely produce disease from excessive secretion of 1 of the islet hormones

Front 67

Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas:
Tumors of the Islets of Langerhans:
-____secreting tumor produces _______ w/ ______ symptoms
-rarely produce disease from excessive secretion of 1 of the _____ ______

Back 67

Tumors of the Islets of Langerhans:
-INSULIN secreting tumor produces HYPERINSULINISM w/ HYPOGLYCEMIC symptoms
-rarely produce disease from excessive secretion of 1 of the ISLET HORMONES

Front 68

Tumors of the Diffuse Neuroendocrine System:
-most frequent??

Back 68

-Small Cell (Oat Cell) Carcinoma-

Front 69

Tumors of the Diffuse Neuroendocrine System:
-Small Cell (Oat Cell) Carcinoma- most frequent
-Highly ______ tumor of neuroendocrine cells of the _____ _______
-Grows ____ & ____/_______ _____ Tissues
-Can also spread to ___, ____, ____ ...
-Retains the capacity to make/secrete hormone or hormone precursor molecules
-->secretes ____ which stimulates _______ secretion of hormones from the _____ _____

Back 69

Small Cell (Oat Cell) Carcinoma- most frequent
-Highly MALIGNANT tumor of neuroendocrine cells of the BRONCHIAL TREE
-Grows RAPIDLY & INFILTRATES/DESTORYS NEARLY TISSUES
-can also spread to BONE, LIVER & BRAIN
-Retains the capacity to make/secrete hormone or hormone precursor molecules
-->secretes ACTH which stimulates UNCONTROLLED secretion of hormones from the ADRENAL CORTEX

Front 70

Tumors of the Diffuse Neuroendocrine System:
Most common in alimentary tract (especially in sm. Intestine and appendix)

Back 70

Carcinoid Tumor

Front 71

Tumors of the Diffuse Neuroendocrine System:
Carcinoid tumor- most common in alimentary tract (especially in sm. Intestine & appendix)
-Grows _____
-Secretes 5-hydroxytryptamine -usually has no systemic effect because it passed from the tumor in the gut via the ____ _____ _____to the ______
-it is inactivated in the ____
-_____ &can spread to _____ sites away from the ___
-Carcinoid syndrome- 5-hydroxytryptamine enters blood and produces ________ ______

Back 71

Carcinoid tumor- most common in alimentary tract (especially in sm. Intestine and appendix)
-Grows SLOWLY
-Secretes 5-hydroxytryptamine -usually has no systemic effect bc it passed from the tumor in the gut via the HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN to the LIVER
-it is inactivated in the LIVER
-MALIGNANT & can spread to 2NDARY sites away from the
GUT
-Carcinoid syndrome- 5-hydroxytryptamine enters blood and produces METABOLIC EFFECTS