Umkc Gross Anatomy 2- Head & Neck- Exam 1

Front 1

Is the dura totally free of attachments w/in the spinal canal?

Back 1

Dura is completely covered in the cerebral cavity

Front 2

What are spinal cul de sacs?

Back 2

Blind pouches that wrap around the spinal nerve and dorsal root ganglion.CSF sits in these and makes them stagnet. Area that bacteria will accomilate and grow.
(Blind alley)

Front 3

What is the clinical importance of cul de sacs in the head and neck?

Back 3

Flow of CSF-stagnent, already where bacteria accumulates & grows--> infection can occur due to fluid stagnet in it..... ( in certain places can cause meningitous)

Front 4

What is the largest dural vessels?

Back 4

Middle meningeal artery

Front 5

Where does the largest dural artery, the middle meningeal artery pass through?

Back 5

Foramen spinosum (right next to the spine of the sphenoid bone)

Front 6

IF you fracture the pteryon part of the skull , what can happen?

Back 6

The middle meningreal atery can rupture,producing an epidural hematoma.

Front 7

Why is the middle meningeal artery the most important dural vessel clinically?

Back 7

Like other meingeal arties it is between the skull & the 2 layers of dura... The middle meningeal is the largest artery and it lies against the extremely thin part of the skull, pteryon. If the Pteryon is fractured, the middle meningeal artery can rupture causing an epidurl hematoma.

Front 8

What drains the cerebral hemispheres of the brain?

Back 8

The midline of the superior sagittal sinus (draains the cerebral hemispheres)..... not associated with blood supply of the dura.

Front 9

W/in cranial cavity, the dura matter is fused w/ __________ linking the inner aspect of the cranial bones.

Back 9

ENDOSTEUM

Front 10

What is endosteum?

Back 10

The tissue lining the medullary cavity of bone.
Endosteum is fused with dura mater w/in the cranial cavity, which links the inner aspect of cranial bones.

Front 11

W/in cranial cavity, the dura matter is fused w/ Endosteum linking the inner aspect of the cranial bones. It becomes a 2 layered structure consisiting of:

Back 11

1. Inner Meningeal Layer
2. Outer Endosteal Layer

Front 12

The inner menigeal and outer endosteal layers of the dura are firmly attached- where?
Exception?

Back 12

Firmly attachted- Througout most of the cranial cavity.
EXCEP- venous sinusses

Front 13

What SPACE is formed/produced bu the endosteal layer of the dura being fimly attached to the skull bones, but can be pulled away from the bones in most places?

Back 13

POTENIAL EPIDURAL SPACE

Front 14

The endosteal layer can NOT beeasily pulled away from the bone at -

Back 14

INTERNAL SUTURE LINES- clinical importance????

Front 15

Describe an epidrual hemotoma -6
1. blood from a ______ artery
2. between _____ & ____
3.Limited by _____ _____
4. Shape??
5.Pushes on ______
6. Cause Intracrainal pressure to?

Back 15

1. blood from a dural artery
2. between dura & skull
3.Limited by Suture lines
4.Lens shaped (biconvex)
5.Pushes on brain (where does it go?)
6.Increased Intracrainal pressure

Front 16

When does the meningeal and endosteal layers of the dura separate?

Back 16

At the level of the FORAMEN MAGNUM

Front 17

When the meningeal layer of dura separates from the endosteal layer (at foramen magnum), it continues down the spinal cnal sparated from the vertbrae by what?

Back 17

Epidural fat

Front 18

When dura passes through the foramen magnum it connects to the inside of the skull. The dura and endosteum of the skull fuse together and form a single membrane. If antery is broken, then blood will pool in the skull, makes epideral hemmorage. Brain is made of water & lipids and is ______________. Puts pressure on Brain stem. Brain stem controls _____ & _____.

Back 18

INCOMPRESSIBLE
HEART & LUNGS

Front 19

What are the 2 subdivisions of the Cranial Dura?
1.
a. b. c.
2. a. b.

Back 19

1. Falx cerebi- falciform extension
a. sup. sagittal sinus, b. inf. sagittal sinus, c. Straight sinus
2.Tentorium Cerebelli
a. supratentorial, b.infratentorial

Front 20

Subdivisions o f the Cranial Dura-
1. Falx cerebri - falciform extension does what?

Back 20

It is in the saggital plane that sepetates the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
--> Midline front to back fallisofrom (sickle shape) membrane.

Front 21

The tntorium dural extension does what?

Back 21

It spreads latterally in the horizontal plane at the level of the STRAIGHT SINUS.
- IT separates the cerebral hemisphere above from the cerebellum below leaving an opening through which the brainstem passes

Front 22

What separates the cerebral hemispheres above from the cerebellum beloow leaving an opening through which the brain stem passes?

Back 22

TENTORIUM CEREBELLI

Front 23

What separates the the left and right cerebral hemisphres?

Back 23

Falx cerebi

Front 24

Dura splits in certian places. This separates the__ & __ _______.

Back 24

Dura splits in certian places. This separates the RIGHT & LEFT HEMISPHERES

Front 25

What does the supratentorial compartment of the tentoium contain?

Back 25

cerebral hemispheres

Front 26

What does the infratentorial compartment of the tentorium contain?

Back 26

Cerebellum & most of the brainstem.

Front 27

The ______ _____ (or ______ ____ ) is the opening through which the brainstem passes i.

Back 27

The TENTORIAL NOTCH (or TENTORIAL INCISURE ) is the opening through which the brainstem passes

Front 28

Where does the free edge of the tentorium arise from?

Back 28

The postieror clinoid process of the sphenoid bone.

Front 29

The tentorial incisure presents what kind of passages for the brainstem?

Back 29

ridged, rather sharp edge passage

Front 30

In a fracture in the pteryon of the temporal region of the skull may cause an epidural hematoma bc even though the dura is firmly attached to the inner surface of the skull, the >>>>

Back 30

The pressure of arterial blood is capable of diseecting between- this causes epidural hematoma

Front 31

Why is an epidermal hematoma dangerous?

Back 31

bc blood is confined & forms a mass that presses on the brain ( a space occupying lesion).

Front 32

What problems can epidermal hematomas cause when they become large space occupying lessions?
2-

Back 32

1.move into supratntorial compartment (brain incompressible, but something must give)- causes parts of inf. cerebral hemispheres to be forced through the tentorial incisure (EX. Brian Hernatiaon) into the infratentorial compartment= further compressing brainstem.
BASICALLY- space occupied by blood, so brain gets pushed to opposite side or downward. IF pushed downward, then pushed through tentorium notch.- which gets pushed further= CEREBRAL HERNIA!!
2. Increased Intracranial pressure & problems associated with it.

Front 33

Where does the MMA pass through?

Back 33

Foramen spinosum

Front 34

What are the 2 key structures that pass through the TENTORIAL INCISURE.?? and what problems does an epidermal hematoma create for this structure?.

Back 34

1. Oculomotor N.-
-consequence of epidermal hematoma--> Can produce the early sign of disturbed eye movements, bc compresses this nerve.
2.Cerebral peduncle (part of brain stem)
-Consequences of epidermal hematoma--> Can produce early eigns of contralateral hemiparesis.

Front 35

A consequence of epidermal hematoma is contralateral hemiparesis.. what is that?

Back 35

Muscle weakness on the opposite side of the face that was affected. --> Pressure on right side of brain gets paraylisis on front side of body due to these structures (cerebral peduncle)???

Front 36

What happens when theree is further compression of the brainstem below the tentorial incisure --- it effects lower parts of the brainstem, which are home to what? and causes what?

Back 36

Home to cardioregulatory centers.--> A very real consequence is rapid death.

Front 37

Great superior vein of Galen drains what??? and is connected to what:?

Back 37

_ Drain most of the brain and connects with the Straight Sinus

Front 38

What drains the brain????

Back 38

VENOUS SINUS drain brain... not the dura

Front 39

Great cerebral vein of Galen drans moe of what ?

Back 39

Drains most of deep vein into straight sinus

Front 40

A.What sinus is confluent w/ ant. & post. venous plexus of the spinal canal??
B.What are the venous plexus?
C.What happens here? importance?

Back 40

A. OCCIPITAL SINUS
B. are VALVELESS
C. Cancer can spread from the body to the brain this way.

Front 41

WHat is the falx?

Back 41

Dural extension between cerebral hemispheres

Front 42

What makes up/ drains into the straight sinus?

Back 42

1. Inf. Sagittal sinus
2. Vein of Galen

Front 43

Once the inf. sagittal sinus and vein of galen drain into the straight sinus... THe straight sinus joins what where?

Back 43

The Straight sinus joins the Sup. Sagittal Sinus at the Confluence of the Sinuses.

Front 44

Where is the Occipital sinus found? and where does it drain?

Back 44

Occipital sinus is found in the FALX CEREBELLI & Drains into the Conflence of Sinuses.

Front 45

What is clinically important about the occipital sinus?

Back 45

It communicates inferiorly with the internal verterbral venous plexus. --> Venous plexous- backflow-down or back- metases is poissible to travel up & enter sinuses of brain from other places of body, like testicular canceer... or a bacterial infection.

Front 46

Venous drainage in the brain goes from ???

Back 46

Back to front & from top to bottom

Front 47

What forms the left Transverse sinus?

Back 47

Straight sinus

Front 48

What drains the brain????

Back 48

VENOUS SINUS drain brain... not the dura

Front 49

Great cerebral vein of Galen drans moe of what ?

Back 49

Drains most of deep vein into straight sinus

Front 50

A.What sinus is confluent w/ ant. & post. venous plexus of the spinal canal??
B.What are the venous plexus?
C.What happens here? importance?

Back 50

A. OCCIPITAL SINUS
B. are VALVELESS
C. Cancer can spread from the body to the brain this way.

Front 51

WHat is the falx?

Back 51

Dural extension between cerebral hemispheres

Front 52

What makes up/ drains into the straight sinus?

Back 52

1. Inf. Sagittal sinus
2. Vein of Galen

Front 53

Once the inf. sagittal sinus and vein of galen drain into the straight sinus... THe straight sinus joins what where?

Back 53

The Straight sinus joins the Sup. Sagittal Sinus at the Confluence of the Sinuses.

Front 54

Where is the Occipital sinus found? and where does it drain?

Back 54

Occipital sinus is found in the FALX CEREBELLI & Drains into the Conflence of Sinuses.

Front 55

What is clinically important about the occipital sinus?

Back 55

It communicates inferiorly with the internal verterbral venous plexus. --> Venous plexous- backflow-down or back- metases is poissible to travel up & enter sinuses of brain from other places of body, like testicular canceer... or a bacterial infection.

Front 56

Venous drainage in the brain goes from ???

Back 56

Back to front & from top to bottom

Front 57

What forms the left Transverse sinus?

Back 57

Straight sinus

Front 58

Where is the cavernous sinus located? and how does it receive blood ?

Back 58

Cavernous sinus on both sides of theSELLA TURICA & receives blood from the ORBIT (eye) & pituitary!

Front 59

How does blood flow from the brain tothe heart?
any anastomosis?

Back 59

Blood flow: Brain=>Sinuses=>internal jugular v.=>heart.
-Brain Capillaries= DON'T anastomsis.- they are END CAPILLARIES!!! - so, clod a vein or sinus then get a stroke!- get same affect if you cut supply off or block its return.

Front 60

What drains the brain????

Back 60

VENOUS SINUS drain brain... not the dura

Front 61

Great cerebral vein of Galen drans moe of what ?

Back 61

Drains most of deep vein into straight sinus

Front 62

A.What sinus is confluent w/ ant. & post. venous plexus of the spinal canal??
B.What are the venous plexus?
C.What happens here? importance?

Back 62

A. OCCIPITAL SINUS
B. are VALVELESS
C. Cancer can spread from the body to the brain this way.

Front 63

WHat is the falx?

Back 63

Dural extension between cerebral hemispheres

Front 64

What makes up/ drains into the straight sinus?

Back 64

1. Inf. Sagittal sinus
2. Vein of Galen

Front 65

Once the inf. sagittal sinus and vein of galen drain into the straight sinus... THe straight sinus joins what where?

Back 65

The Straight sinus joins the Sup. Sagittal Sinus at the Confluence of the Sinuses.

Front 66

Where is the Occipital sinus found? and where does it drain?

Back 66

Occipital sinus is found in the FALX CEREBELLI & Drains into the Conflence of Sinuses.

Front 67

What is clinically important about the occipital sinus?

Back 67

It communicates inferiorly with the internal verterbral venous plexus. --> Venous plexous- backflow-down or back- metases is poissible to travel up & enter sinuses of brain from other places of body, like testicular canceer... or a bacterial infection.

Front 68

Venous drainage in the brain goes from ???

Back 68

Back to front & from top to bottom

Front 69

What forms the left Transverse sinus?

Back 69

Straight sinus

Front 70

What are the protrusions of the arachnoid membrane through the dura into the dural sinuses??

Back 70

ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS

Front 71

What do archnoid granulations serve to activery (&passively) do?

Back 71

Transport excess CSF into the venous return

Front 72

What are SF Cerebral veins often reffered to as?? Why?

Back 72

Bridging Veins
- BC they bridge the gap among the subarachnoid space.

Front 73

As one ages what happens to hte SF cerebral veins? problems?

Back 73

Veins stretch and Brain shrinks (encephalic recession)
problem- if fall and hit head, can cause a vein to snap & creat low presssure bleeding between the dura & arachnoid layers = SUBDURAL HEMATOMA- not as dangerous as an epidural hematoma, but still dangerous

Front 74

What drains the jugular vein and what does it do with the blood?

Back 74

The DURAL SINUSES drain the jugular vein & put the blood back into SYSTEMIC Circulation.

Front 75

What does the SF Scalp veins anastomoses with?

Back 75

Diploic veins which anastomose with dural sinuses.

Front 76

What do the SF Scap veins & emissary veuns w/diplotic branches pass through and what do they join>?

Back 76

Pass through the skull to join the Sup. Sagittal Sinus.

Front 77

What connects systemic and cerebral blood flow? ANd these veins have no valves- blood take the path of least resistance.

Back 77

Emissary veins

Front 78

Emissary veins are found in what 3 places?

Back 78

1.Parietal Foramen
2. Mastoid Roamen
3. Occiptal Foramen
-Only spots the veins can travel to the SF part of the skull

Front 79

What is the reason scalp wounds are dangerous?? think inside

Back 79

Infections can transverse from the outside directly to the brain ( eg- encephalitis). Route is often used & infections of cranial cavity will occur.

Front 80

What are diploic veins??

Back 80

run in the spongy bone between the inner & outer dense bony layers of the skull bones.

Front 81

What is the clinical importance of Diploic veins?

Back 81

Bc of their connections w/ the SF Scalp veins externally & the the DURAL sinuses withIN the Cranial Cavity.

Front 82

What are the 3 sinuses and 1 vein associated with the Falx cerebri (falciform extension of dura in sagittal plane- seps. left& right hemi)? & most importnat sinus?

Back 82

Sinuses:
1. Superior Sagittal Sinus= most important.
2. Inferior Sagittal Sinus
3.Straight SInus
Vein: Great Cerebral Vein of Galen.

Front 83

The great cerebral vein of Galen joins the Inf. Sagittal sinus to form ______?

Back 83

The Straight Sinus

Front 84

what forms the straight sinus?

Back 84

Joining of great cerebral vein of galen and inf. sagittal sinus

Front 85

What do the straight and sup. sagittal sinuses come together to form?

Back 85

Confluence of sinuses.

Front 86

Confluence of sinuses is formed by what 2 sinuses coming together?

Back 86

1. Straight sinus
2. Sup. Sagittal sinus

Front 87

In the confluence of sinuses the sup. sagittal sinus turns to ______ and the straight sinus turns to the ______ w/ NO _____!

Back 87

In the confluence of sinuses the sup. sagittal sinus turns to RIGHT and the straight sinus turns to the LEFT w/ NO __ MIXING__!

Front 88

What is a space occupying lesion (ex- blood clot) growing half size of baseball & pushing on the skull into the foramen magnum. Cerebral hemispheres have herniated through the notch & into the foramen magnum, they compress the brain stem, with cardiopulmonary regulation systems; that will shut down heart & respiration.

Back 88

BRAIN ( OR CEREBREAL) HERNIAS

Front 89

What is created from the 2 layers of meningeal dura that have separated from the endosteal dura forming the tentorium cerebelli?

Back 89

The Transverse SInus

Front 90

What is the opening called that is created when the sharp free medial border of the tentorium arches posteriorly from the posterior clinoid processes on each side.

Back 90

Tentorial notch or Tentorial incisures

Front 91

What does the opening of the tentorial notch create?

Back 91

A passage of the brain stem.

Front 92

There are several dural sinuses w/in the cranial cavity. In general, the blood flow is from ( sup to inf. OR inf. to sup) and from (post. to ant. OR ant. to post.), *& ultimately ofrom where through what to form what?

Back 92

Blood flow is from- SUP to INF & ANT. to POST.
- & ultimately out of the CRANIAL CAVITY Through the INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN that Forms at the JUGULAR FORAMEN.

Front 93

The Venous Sinuses include: 10 sinuses & 3 veins

Back 93

1.Superior ophthalamic vein
2.Sphenoparietal sinus
3.Cavernous sinus
4.Basilar venous plexus
5.Superior petrosal sinus
6.Inferior petrosal sinus
7.Transverse sinus
8.Great cerebral vein of Galen
9.Inferior sagittal sinus
10. Straight sinus
11. Superior sagittal sinus
12. Sigmoid sinus
13. Anterior intercavernous sinus

Front 94

In the Venous sinuses... What flows together to form the CAVERNOUS SINUS? (3 or 4??)

Back 94

1.Sup. Ophthalmic veins (not a sinus)
2. Sphenoparietal sinuses
3. Ant. Intercavernous sinuses
( + 4. vesalian veins???))

Front 95

In the Venous Sinuses... WHat flows together to form the STRAIGHT SINUS? (2)

Back 95

1.Great Cerebral Vein of Galen
2.Inf. Sagitttal Sinus

Front 96

In the Venous Sinuses... What flows together to form the TRANSVERSE SINUS? (3)

Back 96

1. Straight SInus
2.Sup. Sagittal sinus
3. Sigmoid SInus

Front 97

In the Venous Sinuses... What flows together to form the SIGMOID SINUS? (3)

Back 97

(1. Basilar Venous Plexus???)
2. Sup. Petrosal SInus
3. Transverse Sinus

Front 98

In the Venous Sinuses... What SINUSES flow together to form the JUGULAR VEIN? (2)

Back 98

1. Inferior petrosal sinus
2. Sigmoid sinus

Front 99

In the Venous Sinuses...
If you tie off blood to the brain .. what happens?

Back 99

ISCHEMIC STROKE- brain capilariies don't asnastomoeses - if tied off it rots.

Front 100

In the Venous Sinuses... What is overall effect if stop flow to the brain?
What is the overall effect if cut off return of blood from brain to heart?

Back 100

If you do either of these = SAME EFFECT= STROKE!!

Front 101

How is the Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus formed?? (IVVP)

Back 101

1. Occipital Sinus
2. Basilar Venous Plexus

Front 102

Is the Brain, Scalp & Meninges perfused by the same system/set of arteries? if not, do they overlap?
What about venous drainage?

Back 102

Brain- Perfused by 1 system of arteries
Scalp&Meninges- perfused by a 2nd set of arteries
(THEY DO NOT OVERLAP)
-Venous Drainage of scalp & meninges is, for the most part, also separate from the brain; however, there is a potentially dangerous interconnection between these venous drainage patterns that passes through the skull.

Front 103

What is the pattern of blood flow in cartoid arteries
Hint: ECA suppplies what
ICA supplies what?

Back 103

Venous supply to scalp is interconnected to the sinuses, esp. dura sinus.
ECA-*( external Carotid artery)-Supplies the Dura...
ALSO-**ECA- Supplies the SCALP- ECA doesn't necessarily go to dura sinus
ICA(Internal Carotid Artery)- Supplies the Brain

Front 104

What are the potentially dangerous interconnections between the brain and the scalp&meninges venous dranage patterns that pass throug the skull?

Back 104

ECA-->DURA & SCALP -->SF Veins of Head & neck
ICA - Veterbral A.-->Brain-->Dural Sinuses-->Internal Jugular V.
* Alternative route of both ECA-->Scalp & ICA-vertebral A.--> Brain-->Dural Sinuses:
ECA-->SCALP <==SKULL==>DURAL SINUSES <--Brain<-Vert.A. ICA

Front 105

When SF Cerebral Veins leave the brain's surface to enter 1 of dural sinuses they must cross what 3 layers to do so?

Back 105

1. Subarachboid Space
2.Arachnoid Membrane

3. Subdural Space= name Bridgining veins

Front 106

Subdural space is what kind of space between what?

Back 106

-A potential space
-Between Arachnoid membrane and Dura
- Arachnoid membrane is closely associated w/inner surface of dura, but not fused to it= potenital space

Front 107

What reveives sinus the most bridging veins? why are they clinically refrerred to by this name?

Back 107

_Sup. Sagittal Sinus reveives most of the Bridging veins.
-Cerebral veins must ALSO cross subdural space to reach dural sinuses

Front 108

Veins that run through diploe of the skull connects to scalp vein into the ??

Back 108

Brain sinuses

Front 109

VEINS (&a.??) of scalp are interconnnected w/______ veins--->which drain into skull & brain= ______ Veins!

Back 109

Veins(&a.??) of scalp are interconnnected w/_DIPLOTIC_ veins--->which drain into skull & brain= _EMISSARY_ Veins!

Front 110

SF Cerebral Veins course deep to the ________ membrane , crossing the ________ _____, passing through the ______ & crossing the ______ _____ to enter the ____ ____ Sinus!!

Back 110

SF Cerebral Veins course deep to the _ARACHNOID_ membrane , crossing the _SUBARACHNOID_ _SPACE_, passing through the _ARACHNOID_ & crossing the _SUBDURAL_ _SPACE_ to enter the _SUP._SAGITTAL_ Sinus!!

Front 111

What veins do the SF Scalp veins receive blood from? These veins drainthe bones of the skull.

Back 111

DIPLOIC VEINS

Front 112

What do diploic veins drain?

Back 112

the bones of the skull

Front 113

Some SF Scalp veins/Diplioc v. are relatively large & pass through the skull to join the Sup. Sagittal Sinus. These Veins are know as _____

Back 113

Emissary Veins

Front 114

Emissary Veins provide a connection between what?

Back 114

Cerebral venous draninge & that of the Scalp

Front 115

How can a scalp infection come directly into the sup. sagital sinus?

Back 115

Infection=>Emissary Vein=>Sup. Sagittal SInus=>Cerebral Hemisphere

Front 116

Bridging vein is from what to what?

Back 116

From surface of brain to sinus

Front 117

What causes a subdural hemota as one gets older?

Back 117

Brain shinks as you get older, but tension on bridging veins since dura doesnt move. IF fall, venous blood leaks and get a hematoma.

Front 118

What is the split dura (2) forming the sup. sagittal sinus?

Back 118

1. Arachnoid granulations-weep CSF into the dural venous sinuses thus dumping it into the systemic venous return.
2. Bridging Veins- cross subarachnoid& subdural spaces

Front 119

What is the clinical signigicance of bridging veins?

Back 119

???? they get bigger as the brain gets smaller as one ages... can cause subdeural hematoma if fall..

Front 120

Why is it a nonemergency for a subdural hematoma and an emergency for epidural hematoma??

Back 120

Bc it is NOT restricted by suture lines, so there are NOT pressure problems like epidural hematomas... but can still cause death

Front 121

What is the clinical significance of emissary veins?

Back 121

Connect the dural venous sinuses w/ veins outside the cranium

Front 122

Cerebral arteries are located in the subarachnoid space.. What is the clinical significance of this?

Back 122

BC scalp infections can come directly into the sup. sagitall sinus-->(jugular vein & systemic supply)--> happens - infections via emissary vein -can cause sup. sagittal sinus into cerebral hemisphere.
(Infection=>emissary veins=>sup. sagittalsinus=>cerebral hemisphere)

Front 123

What is included/ found in the Cavernous sinus on each side?

Back 123

1. Abducens Nerve (CN6)
2.Occulomotor Nerve (CN3)
3.Trochlear Nerve (CN4)
4. Carotid Artery
5.Trigeminal Nerve (CN5)- only 2 of 3 branches
a. Opthalmic Nerve (opthalmic division of CN 5- V1)
b.Maxillary Nerve (mazillary division of CN5 V2)

Front 124

How does the cavernous sinus blood flow?

Back 124

Normally up to down- & front to back, but can reverse if clogged or tided off of the opthalimic vein

Front 125

What if there is a clog in the sup. petrosal?? what happens to blood in the cavernous sinus?

Back 125

Blood flows back tothe cavernous sinus

Front 126

How many nerves run through the cavernous sinus? how many of those nerves are CN? Branches of CN?

Back 126

5 individual nerves
3 CN
2 branches off of 1 CN

Front 127

Where can meningitis start?/// What is the most common route of meningitis infections?

Back 127

Meningitis can start in the DURA around the CAVERNOUS SINUS.
-Most common route of MENINGITIS= Sinus infections

Front 128

Sinus infections are the most common route of what?

Back 128

MENINIGITIS

Front 129

Why don't you want statis or clot formation in the cavernous sinus?

Back 129

bc it would affect the nerve... Symptoms would be from the nerve effected.
Ex: optic chiasm- push there= blindness

Front 130

Where do the optic nerves cross?

Back 130

Optic chiasm

Front 131

What is the relationship of the pituitary glad to the optic chiasm 9what about pituitaty tumrs)? Suggest a surgical approach to pituitary gland.

Back 131

-Pituitary is inf. to the optic chiasm.
-Pituitatry tumors can expand the Diaphragm Sellae, putting pressure onthe optic chiasm and may cause visual symptoms... (ex blindness)

Front 132

Describe the relationships of CN 3,4,6, V1&V2 to the confines of the cavernous sinus?

Back 132

These nerves lie in or close to the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, so they can also be affected when this sinuses is injured due to fractured in the cranial base causing internal carotid startes to be torn & filling the sinus.

Front 133

What is the relationhip of the cavernous sinus to the sphenoidal sinus?

Back 133

The cavernous sinus is located on each side of the sella turcia on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid, which contain the sphenoid sinus.

Front 134

What is the relationship of CN6 tothe carotid artery?

Back 134

They both pass throu the Cavernous sinus.. The abducens nerve passes posterolaterally to the carotid artery.

Front 135

Infections, tumors, aneurisms may all involve these structures. HOw might a facial infection affect these nerves? (pushing zits)?

Back 135

By pushing zits may spread infection tothe facial veins which are connected to the cavernous sinus which will in turn spread to the dural venous sinuses

Front 136

What are the MAJOR tributaries that drain the face and scalp that are interconnected w/ veins &sinuses of cranial cavity by way of EMISSARY VEINS.- Veins- lateral to nose, above lips &below eyes= clinical interest and know as- DANGER TRIANGLE!
(5)

Back 136

1. Patietal Emissary Vein
2. Supraorbital A. & V.
3.Angular A. & V.
4.Infraorbital A. & V.
5.Masoid Emissary V. & meningeal branch of Occipital A. (post. meningeal A.)

Front 137

Why are the veins of the DANGER TRIANGLE of clinical interest? What about valves?

Back 137

The facial veins can spread to the dural sinuses since they are in connection w/ the cavernous sinus & they do not have valves, so back flow CAN occur.

Front 138

Medial to the jaw is a network of veins- they drain superiorly by _____ vein of ____ which Connects/communicates with the ______ sinus.

Back 138

Medial to the jaw is a network of veins- they drain superiorly by _EMISSARY_ vein of _VESALIUS_ which Connects/communicates with the _CAVERNOUS_ sinus.

Front 139

2 Examples of the direct valveless communication with the cavernous sinus inside and cranial cavity?

Back 139

1. deeper veinous structures of the face include: pterygoid plexus (may be 2 -internal &external)
2.Sup. & Inf. Ophthalmic veins

Front 140

Inf. alveolar n. is where ____ goes. If infection is in needle can spread to ______ sinus.- results in what in the patient?

Back 140

Inf. alveolar n. is where _ANTHESTIC_ goes. If infection is in needle can spread to _CAVERNOUS_ sinus.
Results in what in the pt.?- Jaw hurts & fever. Eye closed on that side and eyeball turned outward & dilated. Affects SEVERAL CN!
Iatrogenic-caused be dr.

Front 141

If blood from eye veins are flowing towards the cavenbous sinus & you push zits, the infection can

Back 141

Go to the cavernous sinus.. Foramen of Versalius.

Front 142

How is the pterygoid plexus interconnected with cavernous sinuses?

Back 142

via the vein of Vesalius

Front 143

How is the pterygoid plexus interconnected with the inf ophthalimic vein?

Back 143

unnamed connections

Front 144

The opthalmic veins have a direct connection with the

Back 144

vacernous sinus

Front 145

Infraorbital vein leaving Facial vein passing through the infraoribital foramen to join what?

Back 145

Inf. Ophthalmic vein.. Dental anesthesia implications???

Front 146

What are spinal nerves?

Back 146

Nerves that arise from the spinal cord & exit the spinal canal. They are formed by the joining of dorsal & ventral roots. They are very short & brancg quickly. Generally, they are located w/in the intervertebral foramena & do not extend much beyond them before branching.

Front 147

What is a cranial nerve?

Back 147

- IT exits a foramen in the skull & not between successive vertebrae.
part of peripheral nervous system just like spinal nerves

Front 148

Which axon type has the modalitity of sensory axons from skin, muscles, joints, etc. (touch, proprioception, pain, temp.)?

Back 148

GSA- General somatic Afferent

Front 149

What type of axon has the modality of motor axons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, gut & glands of the body where ever they may be.

Back 149

GVE- General Visceral Efferent

Front 150

What type of axon has the modality has motor axons tothe general skeletal muscles of the body (biceps, triceps, etc.)

Back 150

GSE- General Somatic Efferent

Front 151

What type of axon has the modality of sensory axons from the general visceral of the body ( visceral pain, gut distension, BP, pCO2 etc.

Back 151

GVA- general visceral afferent

Front 152

Cranial nerves can have which of the modalities of spinal nerves?

Back 152

Some or all

Front 153

All autonomic axons (ANS) are what axon type?

Back 153

GENERAL VISCERAL ONLY- GVE & GVA- no exceptions!
Para & symp- GVE &GVA ONLY

Front 154

Sensations and muscles of the nasal vacity, oral cavity, pharynx & larynx--> NOT innervated by ANS ...Taste & Smell are what type of axon is this?

Back 154

SVA- SPecial visceral afferent

Front 155

What type of axon isn;t like GS sensoryu structures found in the rest of the body, include Eye, cochlea, vestibular organs, & semicircular ducts.- sensation hearing balance

Back 155

SSA- Special Somatic Afferent

Front 156

What is the neurocranium?

Back 156

The part of the skull encloses the brain.

Front 157

What is the portion of the skull derived from the primative skeleton of the gill apparatus called???
- Portion of the vertebrate skull dervided from the embyonic pharyngeal arches that give rise to mandible,auditory ossicles, hyoid bone & distinict processes of the skull.

Back 157

SPLANCHNOCRANIUM

Front 158

The axon modality that innervates visera but, not part of ANS.

Back 158

SVE- Special visceral Efferent- 4 incranial nervers.

Front 159

CN that operate visceral arches? 4

Back 159

1st arch- trigeminal
2- facial
3-Glospharyngeal
4- Vagus nerve

Front 160

Brachial means??

Back 160

Relating to, or resembling gils of a fish, their homologous embryonic structure or derivatives of their homologous parts in higher animals.

Front 161

Most of the visceral skeleton is?

Back 161

Cartilaginous,
EXCEPTIONS:
1.1st viseral arch (mand. arch)
2. Most of 2nd viseral Arch (hyoid bone)

Front 162

NO CN is described as having _____ GVE axons- but might hitch hike up

Back 162

SYMPATHETIC

Front 163

What are the 4 CN that have parasympathertic GVE axons?

Back 163

CN 3, 7,9, 10

Front 164

All Spinal nerves carry 4 modalities...

Back 164

GVE, GVA, GSA,GSE
1 exception

Front 165

CNs have how many modalities? and how many can an individual CN have?

Back 165

7- GSE, GSA, GVE,GVA, SVE, SVA, SSA
each one can have 1-5 modalities

Front 166

Axon/modality of CN: 1- Olfactory N.

Back 166

SVA of smell
-series of small nerves from upper nasal cavity.

Front 167

Axon/modality of CN: 2- Optic Nerve

Back 167

SSA for persception of light & the sense of Vision.- perception of light & dark more important than just vision.

Front 168

Axon/modality of CN: 3- Occulamotor nerve - 2

Back 168

1. Majority of axons- GSE to 4 of 6 extraocular mm. ( sup, med., inf. rectus. & inf. oblique)& levator palpebrae superioris
2.Parasympathetic axons GVE- cillary m - postganglionic near orbit of eye

Front 169

Axon/modality of CN:
4 -Trochlear Nerve

Back 169

GSE- innervation of a single extracocular m - sup oblique.= eye movements.

Front 170

Axon/modality of CN: 5
Trigeminal nerve
3 branches

Back 170

More sensory than motor
-mostly GSA- face & scalp
-small SVE to the muscles of mastification.
1.ophthalmic- v1
2. maxillary- v2
3. mandibular- v3

Front 171

Axon/modality of CN:
6- Abducens N.

Back 171

GSE- takes eye away from head/ switches gaze & eye laterally.
-innervates single extraoccular m.- Lateral rectus

Front 172

Axon/modality of CN:
7-Facial Nerve- 4 modalities

Back 172

1.SVE
2.GVE
3.SVA
4. GSA-tiny-
Parasympathetitc component of nerve- 2 ganglia- pterygopalatine & sublingual.

Front 173

Axon/modality of CN:
8- vestibulocochlear

Back 173

-purely SSA for the senses of hearing & balance from the inner ear

Front 174

Axon/modality of CN:
9-glossopharyngeal Nerve-5

Back 174

5 modlaites for small nerve
1.SVE
2. GVE-Salivary glands
3.GVA-caratoid body & sinus (BP)
4.SVA-taste
5.GSA-bit- from ear
1 ganglion-otic

Front 175

Axon/modality of CN:
10- Vagus

Back 175

Same as 9-
5 modlaites for large paraympathetic nerve1.SVE
2. GVE-Salivary glands
3.GVA-caratoid body & sinus (BP)

Front 176

Axon/modality of CN:
11- Accessory nerve-2

Back 176

1. SVE
2. GSE
-Innervates sternocleiodmastoid & trapezius mm

Front 177

Axon/modality of CN:
12- hypoglossal Nerve

Back 177

GSE- to tongue in viseral space. Muscles of tongue are derived from somites.. moves tongue
-Innervates intrinsic & extrinisc lingual m.

Front 178

Sensory ganglia that are associated with CN that carry sensory axons are?

Back 178

GSA, GVA, SSA, & SVA
-dorsal root specigic

Front 179

Sensory ganglia of CN:
Trigeminal N. CN5-

Back 179

Trigeminal ganglion ( semilunar or gassarian) -GSA

Front 180

Sensory ganglia of CN:
Facial Nerve-7

Back 180

gENICULATE GANGLION- GSA, SVA

Front 181

Sensory ganglia of CN:
Vestibulocochalear nerve-8

Back 181

Spiral & vestibular ganglia-SSA

Front 182

Sensory ganglia of CN:
glossopharyngeal N.-9

Back 182

Superior gangnlion (GSA & SVA) inferior ganglion (GVA)

Front 183

Sensory ganglia of CN:
Vagus n. 10

Back 183

Superior ganglion (GSA &SVA)... inf. gva

Front 184

Olfactory and optic nerves are indeed sensory, but have no definitive ganglia associated withthem- their primary sensory cell bodies are located

Back 184

Olfactory n- olfactory bulb
optic nerve- retina

Front 185

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- how CN gets out of skull:
CN- 1- Olfactory

Back 185

Cribriform plate (multiple foramina)

Front 186

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- how CN gets out of skull:
CN-2-Optic Berve

Back 186

-Optic Canal (foramen)

Front 187

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- how CN gets out of skull:
CN-3 Oculomotor Nerve

Back 187

Superior Oribital Fissure

Front 188

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- how CN gets out of skull:
CN-4-Trochlear Nerve

Back 188

Superior Oribital Fissure

Front 189

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- how CN gets out of skull:
CN-5 Trigeminal Nerve-3 divisions

Back 189

Opthalmic- Sup. orbital fissure
maxillary- Foramen Rotundum
Mandibular- Foramen ovale

Front 190

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- how CN gets out of skull:
CN-6 Abducens Nerve

Back 190

Sup. Orbital Fissure

Front 191

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- how CN gets out of skull:
CN-7 Facial Nerve

Back 191

Internal Acoustic meatus

Front 192

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- how CN gets out of skull:
CN-8 Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Back 192

Internal acoustic meatus

Front 193

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- how CN gets out of skull:
CN-9-Glossopharyngeal nerve

Back 193

Jugular foramen

Front 194

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- how CN gets out of skull:
CN-10- Vagus Nerve

Back 194

Jugular Foramen

Front 195

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- how CN gets out of skull:
CN-11- Accessory Nerve

Back 195

Jugular Foramen

Front 196

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- how CN gets out of skull:
CN-12 Hypoglossal nerve

Back 196

Hypoglossal Canal

Front 197

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- What CN Exits from the Foramen rotundum?

Back 197

CN5-Trigeminal N- maxiallary division

Front 198

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- Which CN exits from the Cribiform plate ( multiple foramina)?

Back 198

CN1- Olfactory

Front 199

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- What CN exits from the Foramen Ovale?

Back 199

CN5-Trigeminal N- Mandibular

Front 200

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- Which CNs exit from the Superior Orbital fissure?4

Back 200

1.CN3 Occulomotor
2.CN4 Trochlear
3. CN 5- Trigeminal- opthalmic division
4. CN6- Abducens

Front 201

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- Which CN exits from the optic canal (foramen)?

Back 201

CN2-Optic Nerve

Front 202

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- Which CNs exit from the Jugular foramen? 3

Back 202

1.CN9-Glossopharyngeal
2. CN10-Vagus
3. CN11- Accessory

Front 203

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- Which CN exits from the hypoglossal canal?

Back 203

hypoglossal nerve

Front 204

Foramina of Entrance or EXIT!!!- Which CNs exit from the Internal Acoustic Meatus? 2

Back 204

1. CN7 facial
2. CN 8 Vestibulocochlear

Front 205

CN of 3,5,7,9, &10 are all carriers of what kind of axons?

Back 205

PARASYMPATHETIC

Front 206

Does CN12 have parasympathetic component?

Back 206

NO!!

Front 207

What CN does everything like to hitchhike on?

Back 207

CN5 trigeminal

Front 208

What CN innervate VISCERAL ARCH: 1

Back 208

CN5-Trigeminal nerve- m. of Mastication

Front 209

What CN innervate VISCERAL ARCH: 2

Back 209

CN7-Facial N. - m. of facial expression

Front 210

What CN innervate VISCERAL ARCH:3

Back 210

CN9- Glossopharengeal

Front 211

What CN innervate VISCERAL ARCH: 4

Back 211

CN 10- Vagus

Front 212

What CN innervate VISCERAL ARCH:5

Back 212

Doesn't appear in HUMANS!!!**

Front 213

What CN innervate VISCERAL ARCH: 6

Back 213

CN12-Hypoglossal

Front 214

The viseral arches 1-6 are innervated by what axon?

Back 214

SVE

Front 215

Axial and Visceral Skeleton of the human- during further development- muscles associtated with some arches migrate to areas that have little in common with their arch. Thus much of the hyoid arch musculature migrates to become the muscles of facial expression, HOWEVER, no matter where these muscles migrate, they

Back 215

KEEP THEIR ORGIN ARCH SPECIFIC INNERVATION

Front 216

What is an anteriorly incomplete vertically oriented muscular tube that is continuous w/the nasal & oral Cavities superiorly?

Back 216

The PHARYNX

Front 217

The Pharynx is an anteriorly incomplete vertically oriented muscular tube that is continuous w/the nasal & oral Cavities superiorly. At the level of the lower larynx, it narrows to form a complete tube known as the _______

Back 217

ESPHOGUS- IT occupies the space between the visceral arches & the vertebral column of the neck. It serves both respiratory & digestive system fxs.

Front 218

Thyroid cartilage is part of the somatic or visceral skeleton?

Back 218

VISCERAL

Front 219

nasopharynx is located?

Back 219

Behind the nasal cavity

Front 220

Where the pharynx splits.. Ant-? post.?

Back 220

Ant= Trachea- air to lungs
post- esphogus= food to stomach

Front 221

The pharyngeal apparatus encloses the posterior aspect of the ____ ____ & terminates as the _______.

Back 221

The pharyngeal apparatus encloses the posterior aspect of the VISCERAL ARCHES& terminates as the ESOPHAGUS.

Front 222

What is the constricting muscle that sets up a peristalsis wave that pushes a bolus of food or water or air down?

Back 222

Pharyngel muscle

Front 223

Cervicle Spine:
1. Vertebral Body (centrum)

Back 223

-describes vertebral body

Front 224

Cervicle Spine:
2. Vertebral pedicle-

Back 224

Hold lamina up off the verterbal body

Front 225

Cervicle Spine:
3. Vertebral lamina

Back 225

- roof of verterbal canal

Front 226

Cervicle Spine:
4. Transverse process-

Back 226

-Wing of vertebra. What ribs attach to in thoraci regin

Front 227

Cervicle Spine:
5.Spinous Process

Back 227

Posterior spine of verterbra- at junction of LAMINA

Front 228

Cervical Spine:
6. Articular processes (sup & inf.)

Back 228

Zygopopheses - joint between 2 vertebra.- connection/bridge

Front 229

Cervical Spine:
7. Vertebral notches (sup/inf)

Back 229

upper & lower border of pedicle. 2 makes interverbral canal - where spinal nerves go through here

Front 230

Cervical Spine:
8. Intravertebral Canal

Back 230

Where spinal cord likes= verterbral canal

Front 231

In Cervical vertebra- The posterior tubercle of the transverse process attaches to what?

Back 231

Tendons of muscle

Front 232

Cervical vertebra have spine that is

Back 232

bifid

Front 233

What make up the lateral mass of a cervical spine?

Back 233

Transverse process & costal process

Front 234

Foramen transversarium piercing the lateral mass of the cervical vertebra.. what goes through this?>

Back 234

VERTERBRAL A> only enters and goes up from c6- so C7 doesnt have a vertbral artery through it eventhough it has a foramen transversum

Front 235

In the cervical vertebra the posteior tubericle is equivalent to a

Back 235

true transverese proces

Front 236

What is the anterior tubercle of the cervical vertebra equivalent to?

Back 236

costal process (forms ribs in thoracic region)

Front 237

What is special about the anterior tubercle of the c-6 vertebra?

Back 237

It is called the carotid tubercle bc the common carotid a. maybe compressed here to control bleeding from these vessels. Landmark. Cassiagnacs tubercle.

Front 238

What passes through the transverse foramina?
Exception?

Back 238

Vertebral A.
- only exception is the C7 .. doesn't have averterbral aterry running through it.

Front 239

Which vertebrae doesn't have a body... "it gave it's body to another vertebrae to form adens)

Back 239

C1- Atlas

Front 240

What vertebrae has a dens/odontoid process that flides on a notch that creates a synovial joint?

Back 240

C2- Axis

Front 241

What passes along the groove just posterior to the Superior Articular Process of C-1 vertebra?

Back 241

The vertebral artery
(name= groove for vertebral Artery)

Front 242

What movement predominates at the atlanto -occipital articulation?

Back 242

Flexion and extension- Nodding head YES!

Front 243

What movement predominates at the alanto-axial articulation?

Back 243

Shaskes head NO!

Front 244

What articulation does nodding head yes?

Back 244

Atlanto-occipital Articualtion

Front 245

What articulation does shaking head no! from side to side?

Back 245

Atlanto-axial articulation

Front 246

The atlas vertebra lacks a centrum "body". Where did it go?

Back 246

The body fused to the Axis (C2)

Front 247

The atlas vertebra has ant. & post. arches. What do they replace?

Back 247

LAMINA

Front 248

What snack food, candy or china place setting would you use to describe the atlas vertebra?

Back 248

Donut - hard.. any pressure???

Front 249

Can you describe what might happen if the occipital condyles were to compress the atlas vertebra from above?

Back 249

Spread the bone in all directions crushing it. = Jefferson fracture.!!!

Front 250

What is the largest ligament of the neck? It is thick fibroelastic ligament..

Back 250

Ligamentum nuchae

Front 251

What is a sygapophyseal joint?

Back 251

z joint/ facet join- synovial joint between the sup & articular process of 1 vertebra & the inf articular process of the vertebra directly above it. There are 2 facet joints in each spinal motion segment.

Front 252

Anesthesiologist often refer to "face joints" & "facet joint pain", what does this mean?

Back 252

The facet joints are synovial joints which help support the weight & control movement between individual vertebrae of the spine. AKA- zygopopphyseal joints

Front 253

Where is Chassagnac's tubercle? What is it's clinical significance?

Back 253

Ant. tubercle of transverse process of (6th) cervical vertebra, which lies lateral to & at a slightly higher level than the post. tubercle, & against which the carotid artery may be compressed by the finger.- Carotid may be compressed to keep bleeding from these vesels

Front 254

Where is the ligmenta flava end?

Back 254

At the posterior C-2, C-1 interspace
fx ???????`

Front 255

Ligaments do what?

Back 255

strengthen the spinal canal- sacrifice stability joint to provide mobility & vice versa

Front 256

The vertebral a. passing medially across the dorsal primary ramus of the c-1 spinal nerve, & piercing the post. alanto-occipital membrane, to which it is firmly tethered. Are there any Clinical implications resulting from the vertebral a. being so attached to the post. alantoocciptal membrane??

Back 256

Yes, HYPER-rotation (flexion??) of skull at atlantoaxial joint will rupture the vertebral a. & will spread to brain & hemorrhage will occur. = you die.

Front 257

fx of the ligmenta flava?

Back 257

passive for extension of head

Front 258

What is the fx of the cruciate ligament?

Back 258

Provides the support for rotation

Front 259

With hyper roatatoin of the head at the alanto-axial joint= can cause what to happen to the odontoid process?

Back 259

may become fracturesd

Front 260

The median alantoaxial articulation is that of a typical synovial joint.. Is there any clinical sig. to this??

Back 260

- Like any other synovial joint- can be injured by arthritis...
-If have osteoporosis can hurt dens if pressure put on it!!

Front 261

The skull is?

Back 261

The entire head skeleton

Front 262

The cranium is?

Back 262

The skull w/out the mandible (lower jaw)

Front 263

The entire head skeleton is the ______, where as the skull w/out the mandible (lower jaw) is the______!

Back 263

The entire head skeleton is the SKULL, where as the skull w/out the mandible (lower jaw) is the CRANIUM!!

Front 264

Divide the head in 2 parts and the 2nd part has 2 parts which are?
1.
2.
a.
b.

Back 264

1.Facial Skeleton= Vicerocranium or splanchnocranium or face
2. Calvaria - remainder of the cranium
a. Neurocranium
b. Basicranium

Front 265

What do the neurocranium and basocranium do collectively?

Back 265

They enclose the brain.
Neocranium- covers brain from above , in front & back, & on both sides, & a small portion supports the brain from beneath (from front &back)
Basicranium- supports the brain from beneath.

Front 266

What is the most important difference between neurocranium & basicranium?

Back 266

DEVELOPMENTAL

Front 267

The most important difference between the neurocranium & the basicranium is developmental.
What does Neurocranium forms through? & What components are in it?

Back 267

Intramembranous ossification.

- Components that are a mixture of mesoderm (back) & neural crest cells (front).

(-from upper halves of orbit to occiptal bone to temporal bone)

Front 268

The most important difference between the neurocranium & the basicranium is developmental.
What does Basicranium forms through? & What components are in it?

Back 268

-Forms mostly through ENDOCHONDRAL Ossification.

-Components: made mostly of Mesoderm

(derived from cartilage)

Front 269

What is the facial skeleton?
How is it ossified?
What is made of?

Back 269

Facial skeleton- from frontal bone to mandible
-Ossifies intramembranously
-Made Entirely of Neural Crest cells

Front 270

How does intramembranous ossification work? 2

Back 270

1. Developing brain is covered by a (fibrous thin flexible capsule) made of both neural crest &mesoderm. The space btw is only a potential space
2. The capsule differentiates into 2 layes: -->Endomenix (internal) & -->Ectomenix (external)... Separated by a potential space. In doing so, The mesoderm & neural crest are LARGELY separated. The endomeninx consists entireely of neural crest cells. The extomenix is a mixture of mesoderm & some neural crest.

Front 271

How does intramembranous ossification work after steps 1 &2? 34

Back 271

3.The extomeninx & endomeninz both differentiate into 2 layers.
Endomeninx internal division- contacts developing brain= pia mater.
Endomenix outer layer= archnoid mater.
BOTH of these leayers are composed of NEURAL CREST
4. Ectomeninx inner layer= becomes dura mater- which is made of mesoderm w/perhaps a little neural crest.
Ectomeninx outer layer-becomes osteogenic layer that will give rise to the Bones of the membranous neurocranium - it contains BOTH Neural crest & mesoderm!

Front 272

Endomeninx- cell type and location'
Ectomeninx cell type and location

Back 272

The capsule differentiates into 2 layes: -->Endomenix (internal) consists entireely of neural crest cells.
-->Ectomenix (external) is a mixture of mesoderm & some neural crest.

Front 273

Menix?

Back 273

singular of meningies - which is what it gives rise to

Front 274

What are the 6 steps (condensed) jof how intramembranous ossification works?

Back 274

1. Loose mesenchyme- ireg. shapped
2. Condensed mesenchyme-flattend down - less extracellular space.
3.Membrane formation -->differentated to fibroblast to collagen fibers(percurosr of bone)
4. Formation of osteoblasts & osteoid
5. Progress from middle from island of messenchyme cells to outward in sheets.
6. Center of Intramembranous ossification in parietal bone.(center outward expansion of bone in membrane- Traces still visible in dry bone)

Front 275

What is described as strips of soft tissue. Specialize articulation that doesn't move. & allows bones to almost touch?

Back 275

NEUROCRANIAL SUTURES

Front 276

What is defined as "a craniofacial articulation in which contiguous margins of bone approximate each other & are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue"?

Back 276

SUTURE

Front 277

Define a suture:

Back 277

a craniofacial articulation in which contiguous margins of bone approximate each other & are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue

Front 278

On sutures what do osteoblasts do?

Back 278

They add new bone to margin in neurological growth.

Front 279

What are the 2 fxs of sutures during growth...(Why have sutures, why not have bones grow together?)

Back 279

1. Sutures allow "molding" of skull, which facilitates birth. ( if have a rigid plate bones could easily break- (cone head))=Calvarial molding during birth (occiptal bone displaces forward- flexible)
2.Sutures allow both prenatal & postnatal brain growth.

Front 280

How are suture widths maintained while the brain ins expanding?

Back 280

The rate of new bone formation at the margins keeps pace with the expanding brain, so that the suture widths are maintained.

Front 281

Growth of neurocranial bones at the sutures is ____ ____. If bone is simply added at the sutures, the bones' curvature is maintained, and the bone does not ___ the growing brain ______.

Back 281

Growth of neurocranial bones at the sutures is NOT ENOUGH. If bone is simply added at the sutures, the bones' curvature is maintained, and the bone does not COVER the growing brain CLOSELY.

Front 282

As the bone grows in area (adding bone at margins) it must change it's ________ to conform to the brain's surface.

Back 282

As the bone grows in area (adding bone at margins) it must change it's CURVATURE to conform to the brain's surface.

Front 283

As the bone grows in area (adding bone at margins) it must change it's CURVATURE to conform to the brain's surface. This is done by:

Back 283

REMODELING- a combinatyion of deposition on the bones' outer surfaces (+) & resorption of the bones' inner surfaces (-). ( OSTEOCLAST- take it away faster at the edges & slower at the center & OSTEOBLAST add it to the outside- eventually- this process makes the bone flat)
-Local variations in the rate of remoedling flatten the bone, so it continues to conform to the brain's contour.

Front 284

Local variations in the rate of remoedling ______ the bone, so it continues to ______ to the _____ contour.

Back 284

Local variations in the rate of remoedling FLATTEN the bone, so it continues to CONFORM to the BRAIN'S contour.

Front 285

In the Basal Cranium- The only parts that don't ossify/ disappear are the ?

Back 285

NASAL SEPTUMS & OUTER PART

Front 286

What are the regions of chondrocraniuym that do not ossify, at least not initially... iNstead, they persist as cartilagenous zones between bones called?

Back 286

SYNCHONDROSES

Front 287

Synchondroses --> what results primarily in anteroposterior growth of the cranial base?

Back 287

Sites of further appositional bone growth at the bone-cartilage interfaces

Front 288

How do synchondroses ossify & growth cease?

Back 288

From front-to-back sequence.

Front 289

Where is the primary site of postnatal growth in the cranial base?

Back 289

Sphenobasilar (basioocipital) synchondrosis.

Front 290

What other animal genes play important roles in the formation & function of synchondroses??

Back 290

Hedgehog genes (sonic, indian & desert)

Front 291

How does growth at synchondrosis work? 5- brief.

Back 291

1.Resting zone (typical hyaline cartilage)
2.Proliferative zone(division of chondrocytes)-
3.Hypertrophic zone (chondrocytes swell & extracellular matrix is reduced.)
4. Chondrocytes die & remaining matrix begins to calcify
5. Ossification zone

Front 292

How does growth at synchondrosis work? 5
-1. Resting zone- whats in it? what happens here?

Back 292

- Typical hyaline cartilage -round
-a lot of extracellular matrix= NOT much growth here

Front 293

How does growth at synchondrosis work? 5
2. Proliferative zone- what is going on here and how

Back 293

- Division of chondrocytes
-chondrocytes divide & line up in rows

Front 294

How does growth at synchondrosis work? 5
3.Hypertrophic Zone- What happens here and how?

Back 294

- Chondrocytes swell & extracllular matrix is reduced
-grow chondrocytes & elminate space btw chondrocytes- ground cells are cleared out

Front 295

How does growth at synchondrosis work? 5
4.Chondrocytes die & remaining matrix begins to calcify- where do they go when they die??

Back 295

-Leave tunnels & bound by tubes where collumn of cells were/ ground substances

Front 296

How does growth at synchondrosis work? 5
5. Ossification zone
- What moves into spaces made by chondryocytes dying & remaining matrix calcifying? -2

Back 296

- Osteoprogenitor cells & Capillaries move into the spaces left by dead chondrocytes.
-Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts which begin forming bone)
(push bones apart & new bone forms on margin)

Front 297

How does growth at synchondrosis work? 5- all details

Back 297

1.Resting zone (typical hyaline cartilage)-->round; a lot of extracellular matrix & not much growth here.
2.Proliferative zone(division of chondrocytes)- chodrocytes divide & line up in rows
3.Hypertrophic zone (chondrocytes swell & extracellular matrix is reduced)-->grow chondrocytes & eliminate space btw them- ground cells cleared out.
4. Chondrocytes die & remaining matrix begins to calcify.--> leave tunnels & bound by tubes where collumn of cells level ground substance.??
5. Ossification zone (Osteoprogenitor cells & capillaries move into (migrate in) the spaces left by the dead chondrocytes; osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which begin forming bone). --> push bones apart & new bone forms on margins.

Front 298

What are the 3 important SF muscles of the Neck?

Back 298

1. Platysma
2. Trapezius
3.Sternocleidomastoid

Front 299

SF Muscles of the Neck:
1. Platysma
o:
i:
Fx/act:
Innervation:

Back 299

Platysma- Most SF- Vail like
o: Lower portion of skin in face along Mandible verticallay down
i:Subcutanous tissue thoracic region
Fx/act: CORRUGATOR OF THE SKIN OF THE NECK
Innervation:cn-7 FACIAL NERVE- Muscle facial expression- arch 2

Front 300

SF Muscles of the Neck:
2.Trapezius
o:
i:
Fx/act:
Innervation:

Back 300

2. Trapezius
o:upper fibers- base of skull (ligamentum nuchi)
i: lateral 3rd of clavicle
Fx/act:1.CERVICAL PORTION- ELEVATES
SHOULDER**
2.FLEXES HEAD IPISILATERALLY
In: CN 11 ACCESSORY N.

Front 301

SF Muscles of the Neck:
3.Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
o:
i:
Fx/act:
Innervation:

Back 301

SCM
o:Mastoid process
i:Medial 1/3 of clavical & Manubrium of Sternum
Fx/act:(3)
1.EXTENDS HEAD
2. FLEXES HEAD
3.ROTATES HEAD CONTRALATERALLY(Look to left use right SCM.
In: CN11- Accessory Nerve

Front 302

What happens if you injure your SCM?

Back 302

Can increase CT & muscles get small so the head or w/e is shrugged

Front 303

What is torticollis?

Back 303

-- A twisted neck in which the head is tipped to 1 side, while the chin is turned to the other.
-Symptoms: limited range of motion of the head, heachace, head tremor, neck pain, shoulder is higher on 1 side than the other, stiff neck, swelling of neck muscles
(Fork neck to looking side??? -SCM)

Front 304

Spinal nerves exits ____ _____ and divides into ventral & dorsal primary rami

Back 304

INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN

Front 305

Preaxial muscles of theneck are supplied by?

Back 305

Ventral primary rami

Front 306

Postaxial muscles of the neck are supplied by?

Back 306

Dorsal primary rami

Front 307

Post axial muscles of neck
What are the 4 muscles that are innervated by the Subocciptal nerve of the dorsal Rami of C1 Spinal Nerve?

Back 307

1. Rectus Capitis Post. Minor muscle
2. Obliquus Capitis Sup. muscle
3.Rectus Capitis Posterior Major muscle
4. Obliquus Capitis Inf. muscle

Front 308

What is unique about the Serratus Posterior Superior Muscle in the neck?

Back 308

It is a preaxial m. that migrated. It is innervated by the Dorsal Scapular N. from brachial plexus=>ventral primary ramus (c4-c5.. c5-c6)

Front 309

All of the postaxial muscles are innervated by:

Back 309

Dorsal primary Rami

Front 310

What is the deepest postaxial muscle that is very small, but has some mechanical fx in the neck, although it doesnt have any fx elsewhere in the body.

Back 310

ROTATORES CERVICIS (part of longus brevis)

Front 311

Rotator muscles of the thoracic & lumbar regions have little or no mechanical fx, what valuable fx does the Rotatores Cervicis have?

Back 311

-have many neuromuscular spindles. - Do minute rotation, but get stretched which is very important in proprioception... So stretched ,and moved and measure minute rotations - do this with proprioception receptors.
- connected to semicicular canals of the ear. These canals measure balance & proprioception. - Where you are in space- angular acceleration. Stabilize the head & allow to put objects in space fobiation.

Front 312

Preaxial vervical muscles of importance: 6

Back 312

-innervated by ventral primary rami
1. rectus capitis ant.
2. rectus capitis lateralis
3. Longus capitis
4.Lonus colli
5.Scalene Muscles -(ant., mid,. post)
6. Levator scapulae

Front 313

Where is the brachial sulcus PLEXUS located? and what does it contain?

Back 313

Btween the ant. & middle scalene muscles ... brachial plexus is behind the bracial sulcus

Front 314

What are the 3 triangles of the neck?
1.
2.
3. --- with 4 subdivisions
a.
b.
c.
d.

Back 314

Triangles of the neck- used for landmarks
1.Subocciptal Triangle
2.Post. Cervical Triangle
3. Ant. Cervical Triangle--- with 4 subdivisions
a.Submandibular Triangle
b.Submental Triangle
c.Carotid Triangle
d.Muscular Triangle

Front 315

3 Triangles of the Neck:
1. Subocciptal Triangle- Lies deep to ______ ______

Back 315

Semispinalis capitis (&rectus??)

Front 316

3 Triangles of the Neck:
1. Subocciptal Triangle
-Boundaries? sup, lat, inf.

Back 316

Sup./med- Rectus Capitus post. Major
Sup/lateral-Obliquus Capitis Sup.
Inf.-Obliquus Capitus inferior

Front 317

3 Triangles of the Neck:
1. Subocciptal Triangle
Important contents:3
importance of these contents?

Back 317

Important contents:
1. Vertebral A. (3rd part)
2.Subocciptal Nerve (dorsal ramus-nerve C1)
3.Post. Arch of atlas/Suboccipital venous plexus
Important bc- Fracture of the ATLAS= aneurism of vertebral atery. When taking CSF would want to know where these vessles were( alsothe purpose of these m. is to provide Fine Motor FC in movements of the head. The actions of Trap, SCM & other larger mm that move the head are refined by the relatively small SUBOCCIPTAL TRIANGLE.)

Front 318

3 Triangles of the Neck:
2. Posterior Cervical Triangle
-Boundaries? ( ant.- , Post.-, Inf.-)

Back 318

Boundaries:
Ant.- SCM
Post.-Trapezius
Inf.- middle 1/3 of Clavicle

Front 319

3 Triangles of the Neck:
2. Posterior Cervical Triangle
- What are the contents? 4:

Back 319

Contents:
1. Nerves & Plexuses:4
2. Vessels-4
3.Lymph Nodes-2
4.Muscles-6

Front 320

3 Triangles of the Neck:
2. Posterior Cervical Triangle
- What are the contents? 4:
1. Nerves & plexuses-4

Back 320

Contents:
1. Nerves & Plexuses:4
a.Spinal Acessory N. (CN11)
b.Branches of Cervical plexus
c. Roots & Trunks of Brachial Plexus
d.Phrenic Nerve (C3,C4,C5)

Front 321

3 Triangles of the Neck:
2. Posterior Cervical Triangle
- What are the contents? 4:
2. Vessels-4

Back 321

contents? 4:
2.Vessels-4
a.Subclavian A. (3rd part)
b.Transverse Cervical A.
c.Suprascapular A.
d.Terminal part of External Jugular V.

Front 322

3 Triangles of the Neck:
2. Posterior Cervical Triangle
- What are the contents? 4:
3.Lymphnodes 2

Back 322

Contents:4
3. Lymphnodes:2
a. Occipital
b. Supraclavicular

Front 323

3 Triangles of the Neck:
2. Posterior Cervical Triangle
- What are the contents? 4:
4. Muscles-6

Back 323

contents 4:
4. Muscles- 6
a.Inf. belly of Omohyoid
b. Ant. Scalene
c. Mid. Scalene
d. Post. Scalene
e. Levator Scapulae
f. Splenius

Front 324

3 Triangles of the Neck:
2. Posterior Cervical Triangle
- Are there special relationships between the Accessory N. & Brachial Plexus? What is the clinical importance?

Back 324

Relationships:
- Accessory Nerve (CN11) is particularly vulnerable to damage at lymph node biopsy, where damage results in an inability to shrug the shoulder or raise the arm above the head (ex. brushing hair). The external jugular vein's SF location also makes it vulnerable to injury.
(CN11- latera lsurface to levator scapulae)

Front 325

3 Triangles of the Neck:
3. Anterior Cervical Triangle
- Boundariess: -Lateral, Ant., Sup., Floor, Roof.

Back 325

Boundaries:
-Lateral: Ant. border of SCM
-Ant: Midline of the neck??
-Sup:Inf. Border of the body of the mandible
-Floor: Cervical Viscera
-Roof: Platysma

Front 326

3 Triangles of the Neck:
3. Anterior Cervical Triangle
- What are the contents? 4

Back 326

This is a LARGE triangle and is subdivided into 4 more triangles:
A. Submabdibular (Digastric)
B. Submental
C. Carotid
D. Muscular

Front 327

3 Triangles of the Neck:
3. Anterior Cervical Triangle
- 4 Contents= 4 sub triangles:
A. Submandibular Triangle- Boundaries

Back 327

A. Submandibular (Digastiric) Triangle-boundaries:
-Sup: Inf. Border of mandible
-Inf.- Post& Ant. Bellies of Digastric
(-Floor-Mylohyiod, Hypoglossus & Roof- SF platysma- smae for all ant. triangle)

Front 328

3 Triangles of the Neck:
3. Anterior Cervical Triangle
- 4 Contents= 4 sub triangles:
A. Submandibular (digastric) Triangle- Contents:-5ish

Back 328

A. Submandibular (Digastric) Triangle- Contents:
1. submandibular gland
2. submandibular LYMPH nodes
3. Hypoglossal N.
4. Mylohyoid N.
5. Lingual & Facial A.&V.

Front 329

3 Triangles of the Neck:
3. Anterior Cervical Triangle
- 4 Contents= 4 sub triangles:
A. Submandibular (digastric) Triangle- Clinical issues:

Back 329

A. Submandibular (digastric) tirangle- Clinical issues:
1. Abcesses of mandible
in submandibular salivary glands

Front 330

3 Triangles of the Neck:
3. Anterior Cervical Triangle
- 4 Contents= 4 sub triangles:
B. Submental Triangle- Boundaries-

Back 330

B.Submental Triangle- Boundaries:
Lateral:Right & left anterior bellies of digastric
Medial: midline of neck
Inf: Hyoid bone
Inf:

Front 331

3 Triangles of the Neck:
3. Anterior Cervical Triangle
- 4 Contents= 4 sub triangles:
B. Submental Triangle- Contents:

Back 331

B. Submental Triangle- Contents:
1.Few Submental lymph nodes--> Incisor Teeth
2.Mylohyoid muscle (midleine raphe)

Front 332

3 Triangles of the Neck:
3. Anterior Cervical Triangle
- 4 Contents= 4 sub triangles:
C.Carotid Triangle-Boundaries:

Back 332

C.Carotid Triangle-Boundaries:
Medial: Omohyoid Sup Belly
Lateral: Upper 1/3 of SCM
Sup- Digastric post.

Front 333

3 Triangles of the Neck:
3. Anterior Cervical Triangle
- 4 Contents= 4 sub triangles:
C.Carotid Triangle- Contents:

Back 333

C.Carotid Triangle- Contents:
**1.Carotid Sheath- It is a protective mech.- protects itself from friction on other structures) as the cartoid a. is a developmental structure--->which contains:
a. (External) Carotid Artery
b. Vagus Nerve CN 10
c. Internal Jugular Vein
( maybe also contains CN11, 12 & cervical plexus??)

Front 334

3 Triangles of the Neck:
3. Anterior Cervical Triangle
- 4 Contents= 4 sub triangles:
D. Muscular Triangle- boundaries:

Back 334

D. Muscular Triangle- boundaries:
Sup. - lowerborder of omohyid sup.
Lateral- Ant. part of SCM & hyoid bone
Medial- Mid line of neck ( jugular notch)

Front 335

3 Triangles of the Neck:
3. Anterior Cervical Triangle
- 4 Contents= 4 sub triangles:
D. Muscular Triangle- contents:

Back 335

D. Muscular Triangle- contents:
1. Infrahyoid strap muscles

Front 336

Infrahyoid muscles are AKA:

Back 336

STRAP MUSCLES

Front 337

Infrahyoid Muscles: includes which muscles? all hyoids but which one? 4

Back 337

_ all hyoiods except (mylohyoid- which is suprahyoid)
Infrahyoid/strap muscles include:
1. Sternothyroid-deep
2.Sternohyoid-deep
3.Thyrohyoid-SF
4.Omohyoid-SF

Front 338

What connects the digastric muscle to hyoid?

Back 338

Sling/fibrous Loop (root-sheaths) for intermediate digastric tendon.

Front 339

What action does the infrahyoid muscles do?

Back 339

Depresses hyoid

Front 340

What action does the suprahyoid muscles do?

Back 340

Elevates the hyoid bone

Front 341

What are the 3 Suprahyoid muscles?

Back 341

1. Digastric muscle (ant. & post.)
2. Mylohyoid M.
3. Stylohyoid>???????? idk

Front 342

???? Antagonist of infrahyoid m.?

Back 342

1. stylohyoid
2. mylohyoid
3. digastric
bc they do elevation

Front 343

What is raphe'?

Back 343

Midline to the mylohyoid???

Front 344

Hyoglossus muscle is what kind of muscle and where does it arise from?

Back 344

Hyoglossus muscle- EXTRINSIC LINGUAL m.
- arising from hyoid just post. to the mylohyoid muscle... NOT a suprahyoid m.

Front 345

All Hyiods are STRAP M. except ____ intervated by:

Back 345

except mylohyoid
all intervated by C1

Front 346

Genio= ____
Omo= ______

Back 346

Genio= Chin
Omo= Shoulder

Front 347

geniohyoid muscle is deep to ________ & to the Ant. belly of the ______ =

Back 347

Geniohyoid m. is deep to MYLOHYOID & ant. belly of DIAGASTRIC m.= "SANDWICH" the mylohyoid

Front 348

The Mylohyoid, Digastric, & Genioglossus are NOT _____

Back 348

Strap muscles

Front 349

All Infrahyoid muscles & geniohyoid of suprahyoid muscles are-

Back 349

STRAP muscles

Front 350

What rides on the hyoid?

Back 350

Floor of mouth and tongue

Front 351

Digastric action = elevates hyoid, but if infrahyoid mm are holding hyoid down, what is the action of the digastric muscle?

Back 351

It OPENS the mouth.- uses pulley to do this.

Front 352

When taken together, why are infrahyoid muscles & suprahypid muscles decribed as antagonistic?

Back 352

Bc they do opposite jobs in how they opperate the hyoid & how they work in articulation (talking).

Front 353

Extrinsic Lingual muscles:
O:
I:

Back 353

O- arises w/out the tongues somwhere outside the tongue
I- inserts into tongue

Front 354

Intrinsic Lingual Muscles:
o:
i:

Back 354

Rise & Insert in tongue- no bone o or i.

Front 355

All of the tongue is innervated by:

Back 355

CN 12 Hypoglossal Nerve.

Front 356

What muscle depresses the tongue?

Back 356

Hypoglossus muscle

Front 357

Styloglossus Muscle
O:
I:
A:

Back 357

O:Styloid Process
I:Hypoglossus & intrinsic M. of tongue
A:Elevates tongue posteriorly & pulls posteriorly

Front 358

The Mylohyoid, Digastric, & Genioglossus are NOT _____

Back 358

Strap muscles

Front 359

All Infrahyoid muscles & geniohyoid of suprahyoid muscles are-

Back 359

STRAP muscles

Front 360

What rides on the hyoid?

Back 360

Floor of mouth and tongue

Front 361

Digastric action = elevates hyoid, but if infrahyoid mm are holding hyoid down, what is the action of the digastric muscle?

Back 361

It OPENS the mouth.- uses pulley to do this.

Front 362

When taken together, why are infrahyoid muscles & suprahypid muscles decribed as antagonistic?

Back 362

Bc they do opposite jobs in how they opperate the hyoid & how they work in articulation (talking).

Front 363

Extrinsic Lingual muscles:
O:
I:

Back 363

O- arises w/out the tongues somwhere outside the tongue
I- inserts into tongue

Front 364

Intrinsic Lingual Muscles:
o:
i:

Back 364

Rise & Insert in tongue- no bone o or i.

Front 365

All of the tongue is innervated by:

Back 365

CN 12 Hypoglossal Nerve.

Front 366

What muscle depresses the tongue?

Back 366

Hypoglossus muscle

Front 367

Styloglossus Muscle
O:
I:
A:

Back 367

O:Styloid Process
I:Hypoglossus & intrinsic M. of tongue
A:Elevates tongue posteriorly & pulls posteriorly

Front 368

Genioglossus:
O:
I:

Back 368

O- sup. geniotubercle on chin
I- tongue

Front 369

Palaloglossus muscle is what kind of muscle innervated by what?

Back 369

Palatal glossus m. is NOT a tongue muscle, it is a Palatal m.
it is innervated by CN10- not 5

Front 370

What innervates the stylohyoid?

Back 370

Facial N. CN7

Front 371

What innervates the Digastric m.
ant belly-
post belly-

Back 371

What innervates the Digastric m.
ant belly- CN 5- TRIGEMINAL
post belly-CN 7 FACIAL

Front 372

What innervates all the intrinsic and extrinsic lingual m.?

Back 372

CN12 hypoglossus

Front 373

What are the 3 intrinsic muscles?

Back 373

1. Sup. Longitudinal m.
2. Inf. Longitudinal m.
3. Transverse & vertical m.
(directional m)

Front 374

What are the 3 extrinsic m.? all the ___ muscles except for:

Back 374

1. Stylogolossus m.
2. Hypoglossus m.
3. Genioglossus m.
-all the _-GLOSSUS_ muscles except for PALATOGLOSSUS

Front 375

What defines an intrinsic lingual muscle?

Back 375

It is responsible for all the "gymnastics" or tricks of the tongue- rolling the tongue, etc.

Front 376

Right hypoglossal n. region tongue will point to side off if lesion is on what side?

Back 376

Right.

Front 377

Tongue protrusion is an important sign in ??

Back 377

CN testing

Front 378

The Genioglossus muscle does what?

Back 378

protrudes tongue directly forward.. Fan out and diverge latterally into tongue

Front 379

If acting in concert, genioglossus muscles thrust tongue??

Back 379

forward in the midline

Front 380

If acting independently, each genioglossus muscle thrust the tongue...

Back 380

Forward and to the CONTRALATERAL Side

Front 381

What are the parts of the thyroid gland?4

Back 381

1. Pyramidal lobe- often absent or small
2. Right lobe
3. Left lobe
4. Isthmus

Front 382

What arteries supply it (thyroid) and what weins drain it? What are its relationships?

Back 382

The thyrocervrical trunk branch of the subclavian has a Thyroid artery branchs off & supplies theyroid.
3 Veins drain :
1. Sup.internal Jugular
2.Med. Internal Jugular
3. Inf. Branchial cephalic trunk.

Front 383

What is the thyroid imma artery *& why is it important?

Back 383

less blood if cut??

Front 384

parathyroid location?

Back 384

Post. of thyroid gland.

Front 385

Superficial Cervical Fascia contains-3 things:

Back 385

1. SF Veins
2. SF Nerves
3. platysma muscle

Front 386

Deep Cervical Fascia:
Investing layer= what layer
- where is it
-what does it enclose?

Back 386

Investing layer= SF layer of deep layer
- It completely encircles neck.- -Each side of neck is split to enclose: 1. trapezium & 2. SCM before meeting at midline

Front 387

Deep Cervical Fascia:
"deep layer"- - 2 fascias

Back 387

1. Prevertebral Fascia
a. Preaxial layer b.nuchal layer
2. Pretracheal Fascia-
a.viseral portion b. muscular portions

Front 388

Deep Cervical Fascia:
"deep layer"- - 2 fascias
1.Prevertebral Fascia-
-encloses what?
a. preaxial layer- location
b. nuchal layer-location

Back 388

- Encloses the deep muscles of the neck- both preaxial & postaxial muscles.
a. preaxial layer- ant. to the cervical vertbrae
b.nuchal layer- post. to vervical vertebrae
-->Both layers of fascia enclose deep muscles of neck associated with the vertebral column

Front 389

Deep Cervical Fascia:
"deep layer"- - 2 fascias
2.Pretracheal Fascia- suronds what?
a. Visceral portion
b. Muscular portion

Back 389

-Surronds the visera & muscles of the ant. part of neck.
a. Visceral portion- of the pretracheal fascia- invests the thyrois glad, trachea & esphogus
B. Muscular portion - invests the "strap muscles of the ant. part of the neck.

Front 390

Deep Cervical Fascia:
"deep layer"- - 2 fascias
- Ther are several derivatives of the deep fascia that are composed of combination of layers or produced by chronic movements. These include-3

Back 390

1. Carotid Sheaths
2.Buccopharyngeal fascia
3.Alar Fascia
-important in dentistry

Front 391

What does the muscular portion of pretracheal layer of the deep cervical fascia (or infrahyoid m.) do?

Back 391

enclosess the strap muscles of the ant. part of the neck

Front 392

What is the open space sup. to buccalpharyngeal fascia?
what if cut?

Back 392

Retropharyngeal SPace- area where 3rd moalrs. dont want to cut/break into it. if cut can spread infection to mediastinum.

Front 393

There are how many brachial arches and how do u # them?
indentions are located?

Back 393

5 Brachial arches- 1,2,3,4,6 from top to bottom.
-Indentations on outside and inside- get a partial squeexing in to get indentation.

Front 394

Brachial arches: Indentations
On outside=
on Inside=

Back 394

On outside= Clefts 1
On Inside = Pouches

Front 395

Each brachial arch has what in it?
IN addition to that: 2 other things in it? that give rise to what

Back 395

Have: Artery, CN, & Cartilage
- IN addition Have:
1.Mesoderm- igives rise to muscles
2. Neural crest cells- gives rise to bone

Front 396

Important characteristics of Neural crest:

Back 396

1.Pluerapotient= can give rise to all types of tissue
2.NCC migrates as they differentiate into what 2tissue types:
1. melanocytes
2. dorsal root ganglia

Front 397

Neural Crest Cells give rise to what in the head - which happens no where else in body?

Back 397

Gives rise to BONE in head!
(frontal bone) - rest of the body mesenchyme gives rise to bone

Front 398

Brachial Arch Derivatives: 3

Back 398

Bones, catilage, and CT

Front 399

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Bones, catilage, and CT:
Arch 1- gives rise to? 3-4 and done by?

Back 399

Facial bones, incus & Malles (NCC), including the squamous temporal
- NCC

Front 400

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Bones, catilage, and CT:
Arch 2- gives rise to?5
and done by?

Back 400

1. Stapes
2. Styloid Process
3. Stylohyoid Lig.
4. Lesser Horns of Hyoid
5. 1/2 hyoid body
- NCC

Front 401

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Bones, catilage, and CT:
Arch 3- gives rise to? 2 and done by?

Back 401

1. Greater Horns of hyoid
2. 1/2 hyoid body
-NCC

Front 402

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Bones, catilage, and CT:
Arch4& 6- gives rise to? 1 and done by?

Back 402

NO NCC giving rise to bone here- all lateral Plate mesoderm
1. Larngeal catilages

Front 403

Brachial arch derivatives- bone, cart, ct... From the top of the head down the neck the NCC derivitieves to bones -----

Back 403

DECREASES

Front 404

What is the frontal bone derived from?

Back 404

Neural crest Cells- in the 1st arch derivatives
- EVEN THOUGH it is neural cranium, it is still NCC derived

Front 405

Multiple swellings- like maxillary and mandibular ... all come out of what arch?

Back 405

multiple swellings, BUT All come out of 1st cranial arch- migrate out to form bone

Front 406

In embryo development the upper lip has 3 parts:

Back 406

1. Intermaxillary process
2. &3. - 2 maxillary parts

Front 407

the coronal and sagittal sutures are derived from what?
how do they compare to lambdoid suture?

Back 407

- They are NCC derived.
- Sagittal and coronal sutures are frequently prematurely synostosed, where as lambdoid sutre almost never is.

Front 408

Does the fact that the sag.& coronal sutures fequently are prematurely synostosed, & the lambdoid suture almost never is.. sugges that mutations of genes involved in neural crest development could be linked to craiosynotosis>??

Back 408

This is defective sutures forming in ncc disorder.. so yes

Front 409

Isolated ( = ___ ________)Cleft lip & Palate

Back 409

Isolated ( = NON- SYNDROMIC)Cleft lip & Palate

Front 410

Isolated (nonsyndromic) cleft lip & palate:
Lip and palate clefts that can occur in otherwise healthy pt?

Back 410

ISOLTATED clefts

Front 411

Isolated (nonsyndromic) cleft lip & palate
-Isolated clefts can involve?
and can occur

Back 411

Can involve just the lip, just the palate, or both
- can occur unilaterallyu or Bilaterally

Front 412

Intemaxillary process- gives rise to what?

Back 412

Gives rise to 1' palate = holds incisors .. fusion here

Front 413

Palatine shelves work / fuse together by

Back 413

growing towards each other til make contack and zips in both directions- complete palate

Front 414

The genetic cause(s) of isolated cleft lip & palate are still unclear- what is apossible mutation?

Back 414

MSX1

Front 415

Isolated Cleft lip occurs in _____ live births. 80% of Isolated cleft lip occur in _____.
-risk factor? increased maternal age???

Back 415

Once in1000
males
IS a risk factor

Front 416

Isolated cleft palate is more or less common tan cleft lip? occurs in ____ live births and in is more common in males or females (67%))
-risk factor? increased maternal age???

Back 416

-Less common
ONCE in 2500
-females
-NOT A RISK FACTOR

Front 417

Child with isolated cleft lip/palate- what % chance of having another child with the condition?

Back 417

4%

Front 418

Child with isolated cleft lip/palate- if one of parents has cleft probability of child

Back 418

17%

Front 419

IS maternal smoking a risk factor for isolated cleft lip or palate?

Back 419

YESSS

Front 420

Syndromic Cleft Lip & Palate- common or not?

Back 420

Clefts are frequently components of syndromic disorders.

Front 421

Cleft lip (w/or w/out cleft palate) occurs frequently in how many syndroms and occassionaly in how many syndromes?

Back 421

Freq.- 21 syndromes
occassionally- 45

Front 422

Cleft palate (w/or w/out cleft lip) occurs frequently in how many syndroms and occassionaly in how many syndromes?

Back 422

Freq- 27 syndromes
occasionally- 74

Front 423

Is cleft palate or cleft lip more commonly associated as a component of syndomic disorders?

Back 423

CLEFT PALATE

Front 424

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles
Skeltal m. in head comes from?

Back 424

Mesoderm - gets broken up into somiotomeres in head... instead of somites like rest of body.

Front 425

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles:-Somitomers# & nerve associated with it
Somitomeres 1&2-

Back 425

Oculomotor N.

Front 426

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles:-Somitomers# & nerve associated with it::
Somitomere 3-

Back 426

Trochlear N.

Front 427

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles:-Somitomers# & nerve associated with it:
Somitomere 4- N.

Back 427

Trigeminal N. &&& further assocaiated w/bracial arch muscle

Front 428

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles:-Somitomers# & nerve associated with it:
Somitomere 5- n.

Back 428

Abducens N.

Front 429

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles:-Somitomers# & nerve associated with it
Somitomere 6- n

Back 429

Facial n. &&& further assocaiated w/bracial arch muscle

Front 430

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles:-Somitomers# & nerve associated with it
Somitomere 7- n

Back 430

Glossopharyngeal &&& further assocaiated w/bracial arch muscle

Front 431

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles:Somitomers# & nerve associated with it
Occipital somite 1:

Back 431

Vagus Nerve &&& further assocaiated w/bracial arch muscle

Front 432

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles:-Somitomers# & nerve associated with it:
Occipital Somite 2:

Back 432

Vagus N. &&& further assocaiated w/bracial arch muscle

Front 433

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles:-Somitomers# & nerve associated with it:
Occipital Somite 3:

Back 433

Hypoglossal n.

Front 434

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles:-Somitomers# & nerve associated with it:
Occipital Somite 4:

Back 434

Hypoglossal n.

Front 435

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles:- Muscle in what in tissue?

Back 435

Muscle in collumns w/mixed in
= muscles in columns of tissue

Front 436

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles- What is the nerve and what does it do?
Arch 1:

Back 436

Cranial Nerve- 5- Trigemnal
- muscles of mastication, anterior digastirc, mylohyoid, tensor veli, palatii, tensor tymapani
-NO CN5 that doesn't come out of the 1st arch

Front 437

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles- What is the nerve and what does it do?
Arch 2:

Back 437

Cranial Nerve- 7- Facial
-Muscles of facial expression, stylohyiod, stapedius, posterior diagastric

Front 438

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles- What is the nerve and what does it do?
Arch 3:

Back 438

Cranial Nerve- 9- Glossopharyngeal
-stylopharyngeus

Front 439

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles- What is the nerve and what does it do?
Arch 4:

Back 439

Cranial Nerve-10 Vagus
-Pharynegeal constrictors= cricothyroid, levator palati (innervated by pharyngeal plexus & superior laryngeal n.)

Front 440

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Muscles- What is the nerve and what does it do?
Arch 6:

Back 440

Cranial Nerve-Vagus
-intrinsic laryngeal m ( innervated by reccurent laryngeal n.)

Front 441

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Arteries/ vessels- not as important as bone, nerve muscle)
Artery for Arch 1:

Back 441

Terminal branches of Maxillary Artery.
- bc muscles that supply 1st arch supply this.. ex. mm of mastification

Front 442

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Arteries/ vessels
Artery for Arch 2:

Back 442

Stapedial artery (inembroys) & corticotympatnic in adult mice.. DISSOLVES in primates

Front 443

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Arteries/ vessels
Artery for Arch 3:

Back 443

Common Carotid artery & 1st part of internal carotid artery

Front 444

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Arteries/ vessels
Artery for Arch 4

Back 444

Arch of aorta
right subclavian artery
parts of pulmonary arteries

Front 445

Brachial Arch Derivatives: Arteries/ vessels
Artery for Arch 6:

Back 445

Ductus arteriosus
parts of pulmonary arteries

Front 446

External ear is given rise from what and what arches? what if there is somethign wrong?

Back 446

1st & 2nd arch give rise to external ear.
-if something wrong w/1 or2 arch then could see malformation in external ear

Front 447

What clefts turn into adult structures?

Back 447

only 1st cleft- external auditory meatus- the rest disappear

Front 448

2nd Pouches endoderm will differentiate into:

Back 448

lymphoid tissue

Front 449

3 pouch endoderm will differentiate into:

Back 449

parathyroid & thymus

Front 450

4th pouch endoderm will differentiate into:

Back 450

2 branches- parahthyroid & ultimabrachial body (parfolicular cells in thyroid- produce calcitonin)

Front 451

What is rami/ cervical does the Cervical plexus composed of?

Back 451

C1, C2, C3,C4- Ventral Primary rami

Front 452

The cervical plexus at C1 is special bc???

Back 452

C1 doesn't have sensory fibers

Front 453

The cervical plexus forms 2 sensory loops which are?
HOw many sensory nerves does each produce?

Back 453

C2 &C3 AND C3&C4
- Each produce 3 sensory nerves

Front 454

The cervical plexus supplies what muscles??

Back 454

the Anterior (Preaxial) muscles of the Neck!

Front 455

What does the cervical plexus form tothe majority of the strap muscles?

Back 455

the ANSA CERVICALIS

Front 456

What does C1 do?

Back 456

supplies motor to subocciptal triangle

Front 457

Sensory distribution of cercvical plexus. Why does it come off at C2 instead of C1?

Back 457

Bc C1 has no sensory fibers so occipital n comes off of C2.

Front 458

Sensory distribution of cercvical plexus.
C2-C3 Loop gives rise to what 3 nerves?

Back 458

1. Lesser Occiptial N.
2. Great Auricular N.- goes over mandible-->
3. Transverese Cervical N.

Front 459

Sensory distribution of cercvical plexus.
C3-C4 Loop gives rise to what 3 nerves?

Back 459

1. Lateral Supraclavicular N.
2.Intermediate Supraclavicular N.
3. Medial Supraclavicular N.

Front 460

If 3rd molar was infected can affect What nerve & reffered back to cervical region and cause neck ache>?

Back 460

Great Auricular N.

Front 461

The Ansa Cervicalis:
Ansa=

Back 461

Loop- innervateds c1 with hypoglossus nerve/?

Front 462

The Ansa Cervicalis:
C1 joins what nerve to then drop off most C1 axons off it to form the ramus descendens ________ of the ansa cervicals

Back 462

C1 joins what HYPOGLOSSAL nerve to then drop off most C1 axons off it to form the ramus descendens HYPOGLOSSI of the ansa cervicals

Front 463

The Ansa Cervicalis:
Most C1 axons drop off hypoglossal nerve to form the ramus descendens hypoglossi of the ansa cervicals, but what do the rest do?

Back 463

Some c1 Axons continue w/in hypoglossal nerve to drop off & innervate the:
1. Thyrohyoid m.
2.Geniohyoid M.

Front 464

The Ansa Cervicalis:
C2 & C3 jointo form the Ramus Descendens ______ of the ansa cervicalis

Back 464

C2 & C3 jointo form the Ramus Descendens _CERVICALIS_ of the ansa cervicalis

Front 465

The Ansa Cervicalis:
C2 &C3 jointo form the ramus descends cervicalis of the ansa cervicalos. Then joins with the ramus descends ____ to complete the ansas at a variable distance located:

Back 465

C2 &C3 jointo form the ramus descends cervicalis of the ansa cervicalos. Then joins with the ramus descends _HYPOGLOSSI_ to complete the ansas at a variable distance located: BELOW THE GREATER HORN OF THE HYOID BONE.

Front 466

The Ansa Cervicalis:
innervates what??

Back 466

STRAP MUSCLES- all infra*& suprahyoid m.

Front 467

What happend If you cute the hypoglossal nerve at orgin ?

Back 467

Dead Tongue on side of region that was lesioned.

Front 468

What if you cut C1 root at spinal cord ??

Back 468

Then drop out strap m. on same side- so have a hard time swallowing.

Front 469

Other than the 3 sensory nevrves given off at C3-C4 loop, what else is here?

Back 469

Loop make phrenic nerve which is anterior to the anterior sclane muscle.

Front 470

How does hypoglossal nerve come out and what is its relation to C1 nerve?

Back 470

Hypoglossal n comes out and C1 nerve is right there. C1 send s out ventral primary ramus to join hypoglossal n., but not part of hypoglossal n.- IT HITCHHIKES

Front 471

What happens if you cut the hypoglossal. before rami descendens???

Back 471

THen have a hard time swallowing and doesn't work on that side.

Front 472

In cervical plexus:
Hypoglossal n. innervates/ goes to?

Back 472

Lingual Muscles

Front 473

In cervical plexus:
Subocipital nerve at C1 innervates/ branches off to what? and how?

Back 473

Ventralprimary ramus and joins hypoglossal nerve as a hitchhiker..
-Suboccibpital branches off to 3:
1.Ramus descendents hypoglossi
2.thyrohyoid
3.Geniohyoid

Front 474

Brachial plexus is ______ to ant. Scalene muscle.

Back 474

Brachial plexus is _POSTERIOR_ to ant. Scalene muscle.

Front 475

Brachial plexus is ______ to mid. scalene muscle.

Back 475

Brachial plexus is _ANT_ to mid. scalene muscle.
??

Front 476

Phrenic Nerve is ______ to ant. scalene m.

Back 476

Phrenic Nerve is _ANT._ to ant. scalene m.

Front 477

After the subclavian a. arches over apex of lung & makes a groove on lung, it arches over 1st rib between?

Back 477

Ant. and middle scalene

Front 478

Vagus nerve and Phrenic nerve are what relation to the subclavian artery and vein?

Back 478

Vagus & Phrenic Nn are ANT. to subclavian artery, BUT POST. to subclavian v.

Front 479

Where is the right reccurent laryngeal nerve located?

Back 479

Around the Rt. subclavian aterty

Front 480

Where is the left reccurent laryngeal nerve located?

Back 480

((On base of pulmonary trunk & ))
a**Around aortic arch

Front 481

Subclavian a. arches over apex of lungs & tothe 1st rib (between the ant. & mid scalene m.) THis is where the vessels leave and enter the ??

Back 481

THORAX

Front 482

The subclavian vein is _____ to anterior and middle scalene muscles?

Back 482

????
The subclavian vein is _ANT. & MEDIAL????_ to anterior and middle scalene muscles

Front 483

The carotid sheath is a condensation of 3 parts of the deep cervical fascia:

Back 483

1. Prevertebral layer
2. Pretrachial layer
3. Investing Layer

Front 484

The carotid sheath contains 3 things? and location of those things

Back 484

1. Carotid artery - medially
2. Internal Jugular Vein- Laterally
3. Vagus Nerve- posteriorly & between the vessels

Front 485

Carotid sheeth is said to be continuous with __________ - ________- extends superiorly, & begins to break up near the __________ of the ________ _____ artery although some contend that it remains more-or-less intact to the_____ of the _____.

Back 485

Carotid sheeth is said to be continuous with _ANT. MEDIASTINUM_ - _INFERIORLY_- extends superiorly, & begins to break up near the _BIFURCATION_ of the _COMMON_ _CAROTID_ artery although some contend that it remains more-or-less intact to the_BASE_ of the _SKULL_.

Front 486

Subclavian has 3 Parts: how many branches are in each part?

Back 486

1st Part- 3 branches: last have 4 subbranches
2ndPart-1 branch- with 2 subbranches
3rd Branch- 1 but dont need to know it

Front 487

Subclavian has 3 Parts
1st part- 3 branches and 4 subbranches on last one

Back 487

1.Vertebral A. (va)
2.Internal thoracic. A. (ita)
3.Thyrocervical Trunk (tct)
a. Suprascapular a. (ssa)
b. Transverse cervical a. (tca)
c. & d.- bifrucation
c. Ascending cervical a. (aca)
d. Inferior thyriod a. (Ita)

Front 488

Subclavian has 3 Parts
2 part- 1 branch- 2 subbranches

Back 488

1.Costococervical Trunk (cct)
a. Hiusinntercostal/ supreme intercostal a. (hi)-descending b. Deep cervical a. (dca) - Ascending

Front 489

Subclavian has 3 Parts
3rd part- 1 branch - what is it and when is it there?

Back 489

Dorsal Scapular Artery (dsa)- only when deep branch of 2nd part is missing

Front 490

The Vertebral a., Deep Cervical a., & Ascending Cervical a.- are interanastomosed bc??

Back 490

This area of VC is moveable. If move one way & compress one A. then you will still get blood flow from 1 of the other 2 arteries.
-these multiple anastomoses between them could possible be collateral circultion.

Front 491

where is the carotid (Cassiagnac's) tubercle ?

Back 491

C6 - anterior tubercle

Front 492

The common carotid artery bifurcates to form the external and internal carotid arteries.
Are there signifcant branches in either?

Back 492

Internal carotid- no significant branches before entering the cranial cavity.
External carotid a.- has def. branches-9- some up so out behind mandible

Front 493

What are the major branches of the external carotid artery? in order
- going up?- 5
-stick out behind mandible- 3

Back 493

Going up:
1. Ascending pharyngea a.
2.superior thyroid a.
3. Lingual a.
4. Facial a.
5.Maxillary a.
6. Transverse facial
Sticking out beind mandible
7. occipital a.
8. Post. Auricular a.
9. SF Temporal a.

Front 494

Relationship between the carotid a. to the omohyoid m?

Back 494

Omohyoid m. is almost competely ant. to common carotid.

Front 495

What is the relationship of the commmon carotid a. and inf. thyroid a.

Back 495

??? Inf. thyroid a. is perpenditcular/ lateral and post. to common carotid.

Front 496

Post. belly of diagastric corsses ______ to External carotid and facial nerve.

Back 496

LATERAL

Front 497

Maxiallary a . runs _____ to mandible, but mandible hides it.

Back 497

MEDIAL

Front 498

Ascending pharyngeal a. is what to the external carotid a.?

Back 498

it is tucked up behing the external carotid

Front 499

Digastric is ____ to internal carotid?

Back 499

???? MEDIAL

Front 500

What is the relationship between the hypoglossal n. to the occipital a.?

Back 500

Hypoglossal n. wraps around the occipital nerve and loops around. ...

Front 501

What is the 1st branch of the external carotid?

Back 501

>> Occiptal a.

Front 502

The stylohyoid is ____ to internal and external Facial ateries.

Back 502

The stylohyoid is _SF_ to internal and external Facial ateries.

Front 503

What is the relationship of the maxiallary artery and the ramus of the mandible??

Back 503

???
Maxillary artery is Medial to the ramus of the mandible and it runs transversly/ horizontal/ perpendicular to the way the ramus lies when jaw open>

Front 504

What is the relationship netween the lingual artery and the hypoglossal n?

Back 504

Lingual a. is forward, medial/deep to the hypoglossal n.
It is between the hyoglossus and the genioglossus

Front 505

There are how many sources/supplies of arterial perfusion of the brain? name them

Back 505

2
1. Internal carotid arteries
2. Vertebral arteries

Front 506

There are 2 sources of arterial perfusion of the brain
1. Internal carotid arteries- by pathway of? supply brain from-2

Back 506

1.The internal carotid a. by way of carotid canal through the base of skull.
-supply brain from:
1. behind 2. infront

Front 507

There are 2 sources of arterial perfusion of the brain
2. Vertebral arteries by way of? supply brain from-2

Back 507

2. The vertebral a. by way of the Transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae, posterior atlanto-occipital membrane & foramen magnum.
Supplies brain from:
1. Below 2. Behind

Front 508

2sources of arterial perfusion of the brain.
2. Vertebral arteries
-W/in cranial vacity the 2 vertebral arties join to form what is known as the _________. Thus, this _______ (directional) arterial perfusion of the brain is often reffered to as the ______-_______ System.

Back 508

-W/in cranial vacity the 2 vertebral arties join to form what is known as the_BASILAR ARTERY_.Thus, this _POST._ arterial perfusion of the brain is often reffered to as the _VERTEBRO_-_BASILAR_ System.

Front 509

What are 3 important ex of collateral circulation betweeen the carotid & verto-basilar systems?

Back 509

1. Connections between the verterbral a. & deep cervical (from the costocervical trunk of subclavian a.) & ascending cervical (branches of thyrocervical trunk of subclavian a). by way of intervertebral foramina.
2.Connections between the vertebral a. & the occipital a.(from external carotid a.) by way of the suboccipital triangle.
3.Direct connections- w/in the cranial cavity around the brainstem. By way of Ant. & Post. communicating arteries that form what is known as the circle of Willis.

Front 510

3 collateral circulation betweeen the carotid & verto-basilar systems
1. Connections between the verterbral a. & deep cervical (from the costocervical trunk of subclavian a.) & ascending cervical (branches of thyrocervical trunk of subclavian a). By way of what?

Back 510

By way of intervertebral foramina.

Front 511

3 collateral circulation betweeen the carotid & verto-basilar systems
2.Connections between the vertebral a. & the occipital a.(from external carotid a.) by way of?

Back 511

By way of the suboccipital triangle.

Front 512

3 collateral circulation betweeen the carotid & verto-basilar systems
3.Direct connections- w/in the cranial cavity around the brainstem. By way of ___ && ____ ________ _____ that form what is known as the ___ of ______.

Back 512

triangle.
3.Direct connections- w/in the cranial cavity around the brainstem. By way of _ANT. & POST. COMMUNICATING ARTERIES that form what is known as the CIRCLE of WILLIS.

Front 513

Facial a. is _____ to angle of mandible then sweeps ________ to come __ ______ of mandible.

Back 513

Facial a. is _DEEP_ to angle of mandible then sweeps _DOWNWARD_ to come _IN_ _FRONT_ of mandible.- Lazy shape tract>??

Front 514

Internal carotid artery enters _____ ____ into _____ _____ to _____ _____ to make the branch for the 1st time= _____ ___

Back 514

Internal carotid artery enters _CAROTID CANAL_ into _CAROTID SINUS_ to _CLENOID PROCESS_ to make the branch for the 1st time= _OPTHALMIC ARTERY.

Front 515

What is the 1st branch of the internal carotid artery?

Back 515

opthalmic arthery

Front 516

Problems involving heart(including atrial fib) pools blood and forms blood clots- if a blood clot breaks off it becomes emboli to common carotid what could result in the head?

Back 516

could break to internal carotid to the 1st branch= Opthalmic artery- blindness of the eye bc of a stroke of the eye.

Front 517

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
All end by going to _____ => __ __ ____ ( _ _ _)=> ___ ___

Back 517

All end by going to:
Brachiocephalic => Sup. Vena Cava (SVC) => Das Herz

Front 518

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
Route 1: Posterior Auricular=> ____ ______=> _____=>_____=>____ =>__ ___

Back 518

Route 1: Posterior Auricular=> _External Jugular_=> _Subclavian_ => Brachiocephalic->SVC->Das Herz

Front 519

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
Route 2: Inferior thyroid => ___ =>__ =>

Back 519

Route 2: Inferior Thyroid-(just goes to the last 3)
Inf. Thyroid=> Brachiocephalic=> SVC=> Das Herz

Front 520

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
Route 3: Occipital => ___ =>___ => ___=>____

Back 520

Route 3: Occipital=> _Internal Jugular-> brachiochephalic-> SVC->das Herz

Front 521

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
Route 4:Sup. Thyroid => ____ ___ => ___ =>___ =>

Back 521

Route 4: Sup. Thyroid=> _Internal Jugular-> brachiochephalic-> SVC->das Herz

Front 522

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
Route 5: Middle Thyroid

Back 522

Route 5: Middle Thyroid=> _Internal Jugular-> brachiochephalic-> SVC->das Herz

Front 523

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
- know the rest on slide 22- neck 3

Back 523

know the rest!!!!

Front 524

Where/ how is ant. facial drainage drained?

Back 524

- Facial V.

Front 525

Where/how is posterior head/neck drainage drained?

Back 525

1. RETROMANDIBULAR v
2. Occipital v

Front 526

Facial vein joins the retromandibular vein and drains into???

Back 526

The Internal Jugular Vein

Front 527

Large venous plexus= ____ _____ is inbetween. Drainage from plexus can go to what 3 places and how>?

Back 527

Pteryogoid Plexus
- 3 places:
1. facial- facial vein
2. (Posterior head)retromandibular v.
3. Cavernous sinus through versalius vein

Front 528

The vagus nerve descends in the neck supplying ______ branches to the pharynx, layrnx, trachea, as well as the esophogus & other vasculat & glandular structures.

Back 528

The vagus nerve descends in the neck supplying _PARASYMPATHETIC_ branches to the pharynx, layrnx, trachea, as well as the esophogus & other vasculat & glandular structures

Front 529

The vagus nerve descends in the neck supplying Parasympathetic branches to what?? 5ish

Back 529

1. Pharynx
2. Larynx
3. Trachea
4. Esophogus
5. Other vascular & glandular structures

Front 530

What nerve supplies 2 or 3 cardiac structures in the neck that terminate cardiac plexuses?

Back 530

VAGUS NERVE

Front 531

Where does the left reccurrent laryngeal nerve descend/innervated and ternminate? and what nerve does it become at the point of termination?

Back 531

Left reccurent laryngeal nerve goes around aortic arch and supplies the heart, trachea, & esphogus
-Terminates in Larynx= Inf. Laryngeal n.

Front 532

What is the physiological significance of the carotid body?

Back 532

Chemoreceptor- this place contains more blood than any other tissue in body. Glomus- areterail to venuel

Front 533

What is the physiological significance of the carotid sinus?

Back 533

Barroreceptor- to measure BP

Front 534

What modality of axons come from these structures?

Back 534

GVA- both show barroceptor & chemoreceptor fx.(CN9 & 10_)
Carotid sinus streches= inc.bp, cn9 detects this & is connected to CN10- which signals to slow BP down.

Front 535

Glossopharyngeal nerve gives branches to the post. 1/3 of the tongue & pharynx along with the vagus nerve - forming what is known as the?

Back 535

PHARYNGEAL PLEXUS

Front 536

What is the cervico thoracic or stellate gangilion the result of?

Back 536

The inferior cervical fusing to the 1st thoracic ganglion

Front 537

How do you get sympathetics into places in head?

Back 537

1. uses one of the RARE named consisten routes of:
a.Internal Carotid N.
b. Deep petrosal N.
c.Greater Pertosal n.
2. ANy which way they can- jump on artery or nerve..

Front 538

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
All end by going to _____ => __ __ ____ ( _ _ _)=> ___ ___

Back 538

All end by going to:
Brachiocephalic => Sup. Vena Cava (SVC) => Das Herz

Front 539

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
Route 1: Posterior Auricular=> ____ ______=> _____=>_____=>____ =>__ ___

Back 539

Route 1: Posterior Auricular=> _External Jugular_=> _Subclavian_ => Brachiocephalic->SVC->Das Herz

Front 540

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
Route 2: Inferior thyroid => ___ =>__ =>

Back 540

Route 2: Inferior Thyroid-(just goes to the last 3)
Inf. Thyroid=> Brachiocephalic=> SVC=> Das Herz

Front 541

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
Route 3: Occipital => ___ =>___ => ___=>____

Back 541

Route 3: Occipital=> _Internal Jugular-> brachiochephalic-> SVC->das Herz

Front 542

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
Route 4:Sup. Thyroid => ____ ___ => ___ =>___ =>

Back 542

Route 4: Sup. Thyroid=> _Internal Jugular-> brachiochephalic-> SVC->das Herz

Front 543

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
Route 5: Middle Thyroid

Back 543

Route 5: Middle Thyroid=> _Internal Jugular-> brachiochephalic-> SVC->das Herz

Front 544

Pattern of Venous Drainage of the Head & Neck:
- know the rest on slide 22- neck 3

Back 544

know the rest!!!!

Front 545

Where/ how is ant. facial drainage drained?

Back 545

- Facial V.

Front 546

Where/how is posterior head/neck drainage drained?

Back 546

1. RETROMANDIBULAR v
2. Occipital v

Front 547

Facial vein joins the retromandibular vein and drains into???

Back 547

The Internal Jugular Vein

Front 548

CN - that does GSE

Back 548

3,4,6,12

Front 549

CN- that do GSA-

Back 549

5,7,9,10

Front 550

cn- that do GVE-

Back 550

3,7,9,10

Front 551

CN that do GVA-

Back 551

9, 10

Front 552

CN that do SVE

Back 552

5,7,9,10,11

Front 553

CN that do SVA-

Back 553

1,7,9,10

Front 554

CN that do SSA-

Back 554

2,8

Front 555

The dura mater in the skull- 2 layers- inner=
outer=

Back 555

inner= meningeal layer
outer= endosteal layer

Front 556

At specific locations within the skull, the 2 layers of the dura split to form blood filled channels know as ______ ______

Back 556

dural sinuses

Front 557

Cavernous sinus- 1 artery
5- nerves

Back 557

artery- carotid
1.CN 3
2. CN4
3. CN6
4. V1
5.V2

Front 558

Scalp infection may gain access to the venous drainage of the brain by way of special veins known as ____

Back 558

Emissary veins